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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introduction to Day 18</h2>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Just as photography was used to justify and sanitize the American war effort in the Philippines, it also became an invaluable tool in the anti-imperialist repertoire. Shocking pictures of the atrocities committed by American forces, though their veracity was oftentimes in doubt, stunned the American public and helped amplify the voices of those committed to ending the war. Take a look at the images that we will be working with, and then, move on to the videos and exercises.</span></p>
<p><strong style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">Warning on viewing historical images</strong><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">: Images from the past can be offensive to view. By showing certain images or discussing certain topics, we do not endorse the views or opinions they present, but seek to understand the past, even when it is difficult to look at in the present. This course does not reflect the views of MIT, MITx, EdX or Visualizing Cultures.</span></p>
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<h3>Image Gallery</h3>
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<p><strong>Image Credits:</strong></p>
<p>Image 1: “1899-1902: Fil-American War” [<a href="http://waterboarding.org/node/37" target="[object Object]">view</a>]</p>
<p>Image 2: “Philippine-American War, 1899-1902” [<a href="http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/thelastholdouts.htm" target="[object Object]">view</a>]</p>
<p>Image 3: <em>“Chorus in background: ‘Those pious Yankees can’t throw stones at us any more.’” </em>Life Magazine, #39 (May 22, 1902). Source: Wikimedia Commons [<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Life_05-22-1902.JPG" target="[object Object]">view</a>]</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Barbaric Behavior</h2>
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<p>In this video, Professor Dower discusses three egregious events or types of “barbaric behavior” practiced in the Philippine-American War. The first, the “water cure,” is now more widely known as “waterboarding.” The second was the 1902 revelation of General Jake Smith’s atrocities, and the third was the mass killing of Muslim villagers in 1906. In a war as intensely debated within the United States as this one, the most graphic images of war were used both by those who supported the American effort in the Philippines, and those who were against it. After you watch the video, please complete the exercises.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video III-21: Barbaric Behavior</h3>
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="6ab4e206c88e481ba18a207e414a49c8_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What did anti-imperialists within the United States hope would be the effect of displaying violent images of the Philippine-American War to the American public?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_6ab4e206c88e481ba18a207e414a49c8_2_1" id="input_6ab4e206c88e481ba18a207e414a49c8_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="6ab4e206c88e481ba18a207e414a49c8_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_6ab4e206c88e481ba18a207e414a49c8_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6ab4e206c88e481ba18a207e414a49c8_2_1"> They hoped that the courage of the American troops, as captured in the photographs, would help shore up support for the war.
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<input type="radio" name="input_6ab4e206c88e481ba18a207e414a49c8_2_1" id="input_6ab4e206c88e481ba18a207e414a49c8_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="6ab4e206c88e481ba18a207e414a49c8_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_6ab4e206c88e481ba18a207e414a49c8_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6ab4e206c88e481ba18a207e414a49c8_2_1"> They hoped that the photographs would convince the American public that the Filipinos would be worthy American citizens.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Water Cure</h2>
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<p>Now, turn your attention to these photographs of the "water cure." Consider the positioning of the subjects, their actions and the context. What is the infamous "water cure," effectively used to bolster anti-imperialist movements within the United States? Why might American audiences be provoked by such images? After you watch the video, please complete the exercise.</p>
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<p></p>
<p>Image 1: “1899-1902: Fil-American War” [<a href="http://waterboarding.org/node/37" target="[object Object]">view</a>]</p>
<p>Image 2: “Philippine-American War, 1899-1902” [<a href="http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/thelastholdouts.htm" target="[object Object]">view</a>]</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video III-22: Water Cure Photos</h3>
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<p>Do you feel that these two photographs of the "water cure" being administered to Filipino subjects are authentic, or do you believe that they were staged?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Water Cure Controversy</h2>
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<p>Now, take a look at this 1902 cover from LIFE magazine. Who is “the chorus” depicted in the background of the cartoon? What is the essence of the Great Powers’ critique of the American forces in the Philippines? Evidence of the “water cure” can be found in a variety of sources, which provoked debate about civilization, barbarism, and truth. The lack of photographs that attested to the existence of the “water cure” allowed for many pro-imperialists to deny that it ever occurred. After you watch the video, please complete the exercise.</p>
<p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>“Chorus in background: ‘Those pious Yankees can’t throw stones at us any more.’”</em></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Life Magazine, #39 (May 22, 1902)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Source: Wikimedia Commons [<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Life_05-22-1902.JPG" target="[object Object]">view</a>]</p>
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<legend id="956942583576454096b700758d6132d9_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following are ways in which evidence of the &#8220;water cure&#8221; circulated to American audiences at home? Check all that apply.</legend>
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