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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Module II Exercises</h2>
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<p>The meaning of "civilization" and "barbarism," between which the distinction had been so critical to the justifications of Western imperialism, is contested and ambiguous. Various camps of pro-imperialists and anti-imperialists within the United States construed the "barbarian" differently. In the first exercise, take a look at the four possible interpretations of "barbarian" or "barbarism." Then, use the drop-down menus to choose the image that best fits.</p>
<p>Credits for all images are at the bottom of the page.</p>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/e051130f7bc07daa88e3abe5deef8d95/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/cb01-026_puck_1902_de_1b447.jpg" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" alt="Image 1: Britannia, brandishing the flag of 'civilization', leads white troops and settlers against native forces under the banner of 'barbarism'" width="342" height="233" /> <img src="/assets/courseware/v1/d5c2247994e34ea647847b63348ac0d1/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/cb54-002_1899_july10__1b4d8.jpg" alt="Image 2: side by side images, one of a Chinese man holding down a Western soldier labeled 'Barbarie', and one of a Western soldier holding down a Chinese man labeled 'Civilisation'" width="327" height="232" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" /> </p>
<p>Image 1 Image 2</p>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/ea559b2f60c1d3aa9cab5be92d9fcb19/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/cb36-022_puck_1899_18_1b4a6.jpg" alt="Image 3: Uncle Sam as a school teacher looms over four dark-skinned children labeled Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba, with other lighter-skinned children sitting in the back rows of a school house." type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" preventdefault="function (){r.isDefaultPrevented=n}" stoppropagation="function (){r.isPropagationStopped=n}" stopimmediatepropagation="function (){r.isImmediatePropagationStopped=n}" isdefaultprevented="function t(){return!1}" ispropagationstopped="function t(){return!1}" isimmediatepropagationstopped="function t(){return!1}" width="341" height="239" /> <img src="/assets/courseware/v1/eb57fee316faf1a951793b409539ac4f/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/cb44-017_libc_1900_25475u_c.jpg" alt="Image 4: Chinese men participating in a discussion in front of a sign labeled 'contributions received here to save the foreign devils' surrounded by images labeled the 'Kentucky Feuds,' 'New York City Government,' 'Anti-Chinese Riots,' 'Labor Riots,' and 'Burning Negroes at the Stake'" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" preventdefault="function (){r.isDefaultPrevented=n}" stoppropagation="function (){r.isPropagationStopped=n}" stopimmediatepropagation="function (){r.isImmediatePropagationStopped=n}" isdefaultprevented="function t(){return!1}" ispropagationstopped="function t(){return!1}" isimmediatepropagationstopped="function t(){return!1}" width="330" height="238" /></p>
<p>Image 3 Image 4 </p>
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Dropdown
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<label class="problem-group-label" for="input_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_2_1" id="label_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_2_1">The "barbarian" or the "uncivilized" is a label and concept that is up for interpretation; whether a culture or group of people is the aggressor or the victim is in the eyes of the beholder.</label>
<select name="input_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_2_1" id="input_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_2_1" aria-describedby="status_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_2_1">
<option value="option_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_2_1_dummy_default">Select an option</option>
<option value="Image 1"> Image 1</option>
<option value="Image 2"> Image 2</option>
<option value="Image 3"> Image 3</option>
<option value="Image 4"> Image 4</option>
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<label class="problem-group-label" for="input_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_3_1" id="label_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_3_1">According to the image, there is a clear hierarchy to the "uncivilized races,"; while some, like Filipinos and Cubans, are worthy of instruction in the ways of civilization, others, like the Chinese or Native Americans, are incapable of advancement.</label>
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<option value="option_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_3_1_dummy_default">Select an option</option>
<option value="Image 1"> Image 1</option>
<option value="Image 2"> Image 2</option>
<option value="Image 3"> Image 3</option>
<option value="Image 4"> Image 4</option>
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<p class="answer" id="answer_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_3_1"/>
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<label class="problem-group-label" for="input_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_4_1" id="label_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_4_1">Those who deem themselves "civilized" and fit to convert the "barbarians" often engage in hypocritical acts of "barbarism" themselves.</label>
<select name="input_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_4_1" id="input_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_4_1" aria-describedby="status_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_4_1">
<option value="option_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_4_1_dummy_default">Select an option</option>
<option value="Image 1"> Image 1</option>
<option value="Image 2"> Image 2</option>
<option value="Image 3"> Image 3</option>
<option value="Image 4"> Image 4</option>
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<label class="problem-group-label" for="input_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_5_1" id="label_438712db23e94b6db0a18412239756c4_5_1">According to the image, the "barbarians" are primitive, warlike people; they fight with antiquated weapons and will not be able to resist the victory march of civilization.</label>
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Multiple Choice
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<p>Now, select the best answer to each of the questions below. </p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1">
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<legend id="e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of these was NOT a result of American expansionism into the Pacific at the turn of the twentieth century?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1" id="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1"> It gained the respect of the Great Powers, such as France and Russia.
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1" id="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1"> It brought peace and stability to conquered territories, such as the Philippines.
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1" id="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1"> It incorporated new populations into the Union that many anti-imperialists believed were of undesirable racial stock.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1" id="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1"> It helped mend the relationship between the United States and Great Britain.
</label>
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<span id="answer_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1"/>
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
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<fieldset aria-describedby="status_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1">
<legend id="e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following is one reason for which the United States government under McKinley hoped to acquire the Philippines?</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1" id="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1-choice_0-label" for="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1"> It wished to incorporate Filipinos into the Union as full citizens.
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1" id="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1-choice_1-label" for="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1"> It aimed to upend Spain as the dominant military power in the Pacific.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1" id="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1-choice_2-label" for="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1"> It sought the Philippines as a way to facilitate access to Chinese markets.
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1" id="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1-choice_3-label" for="input_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e97d3aa797124a719884d0a822324aaf_3_1"> The Filipinos themselves actively sought annexation by the United States.
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Multiple Choice
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Checkboxes
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<legend id="38476588ccfd4a568aeb2d68de818c27_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The turn of century marked the beginning of an era of partnership and goodwill in Anglo-American relations. What is the basis for this alliance? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_38476588ccfd4a568aeb2d68de818c27_2_1[]" id="input_38476588ccfd4a568aeb2d68de818c27_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="38476588ccfd4a568aeb2d68de818c27_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_38476588ccfd4a568aeb2d68de818c27_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_38476588ccfd4a568aeb2d68de818c27_2_1"> A common racial identity
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<p>You have completed "Civilization & Barbarism," the second module of "Visualizing the Philippines & US Imperialism, 1898-1913." Great work!</p>
<p>We will be moving on to the next module, which uses real-time photographs to explore the dynamics of power in the Philippines under American rule. As you continue, keep in mind the themes and contexts that we covered in the past nine days, especially the various arguments being made in support of and against American imperialism, and the global setting in which that debate unfolded.</p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif;">Below find all credits for the images used in the Unit Quiz. They can be found on the original Visualizing Cultures site by clicking on the image number.</span></p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">"From the Cape to Cairo,</span><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">" </span><em>Puck</em>, December 10, 1902. Artist: Udo Keppler. Source: Library of Congress [<a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/civilization_and_barbarism/gallery/pages/cb01-026_puck_1902_d_2d77a3.htm" target="[object Object]" style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration: none; color: #009fe6; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">cb01-026_puck_1902_d_2d77a3</a>]</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;">"Barbarie — Civilisation,"<em style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;"> Le</em> <em>Cri de Paris</em>, July 10, 1899. Artist: René Georges Hermann-Paul <span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">[</span><a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/civilization_and_barbarism/gallery/pages/cb54-002_1899_july10_2d6f45.htm" target="[object Object]" style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration: none; color: #009fe6; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">cb54-002_1899_july10_2d6f45</a><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">]</span></p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;">"School Begins,"<em style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;"> </em><em>Puck</em>, January 25, 1899. Artist: Louis Dalrymple. Source: Beinecke Rare Books and Manuscripts, Yale University <span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">[</span><a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/civilization_and_barbarism/gallery/pages/cb36-022_puck_1899_1_2d7569.htm" target="[object Object]" style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration: none; color: #009fe6; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">cb36-022_puck_1899_18980125_yale</a><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">]</span></p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;">"As the Heathen See Us -- A Meeting of the Chinese Foreign Missions Society," <span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>Puck</em>, November 21, 1900. Artist: John S. Pughe. Source: Library of Congress </span><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/civilization_and_barbarism/gallery/pages/cb44-017_libc_1900_25475u_c.htm" target="[object Object]" style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 159, 230); font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">cb44-017_libc_1900_25475u_c</a><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span></p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">"After Many Years. Briannia--Daughter! Columbia--Mother!"<span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> </span></span><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>Puck</em>, June 15, 1898. Artist: Louis Dalrymple. Source: Library of Congress </span><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/civilization_and_barbarism/gallery/pages/cb03-020_puck_1898_j_2d5973.htm" target="[object Object]" style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 159, 230); font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">cb03-202_puck_1898_June15_AfterManyYears_loc</a><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span></p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;">"Some One Must Back Up," <em>Judge,</em> December 8, 1900. Artist: Victor Gallam. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University <span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">[</span><a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/civilization_and_barbarism/gallery/pages/cb27-004_1900_judge__2d6470.htm" target="[object Object]" style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 159, 230); font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">cb27-004_1900_Judge_BackUp_000016</a><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">]</span></p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;"><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">"Japan Makes her Debut under Columbia's Auspices," </span></span><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>Puck</em>, August 16, 1899. Artist: Udo Keppler. Source: Library of Congress </span><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/civilization_and_barbarism/gallery/pages/cb21-112_puck_1899_a_2d5982.htm" target="[object Object]" style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 159, 230); font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">cb21-112_puck_1899_Aug16_JapanDebut_28532u</a>]</span></p>
<div id="vpxMain" style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'open sans'; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); overflow: hidden;">
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">"William! William!! The President's Speech,"</span><em style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;"><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;"><em style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;"> </em></span></em><em style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;"><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;"><em>Life</em>, May 24, 1900. Artist: William Bengough. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University </span></em><em style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;"><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">[</span></em><em style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;"><span style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;"><a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/civilization_and_barbarism/gallery/pages/cb93-317_1900_may24__2d6d43.htm" target="[object Object]" style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration: none; color: #009fe6; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;">cb93-317_1900_may24__2d6d43</a></span></em></p>
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