<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@vertical+block@85c63f5328ea4966a4f538374b5558c1" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Day 8 – Night & Nostalgia</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@html+block@017d8afc985e4bd494ea6ac1c60fdc8e">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@html+block@017d8afc985e4bd494ea6ac1c60fdc8e" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p>In <strong>Day 8 – Night and Nostalgia</strong> the discussion looks at how rapid modernization created a yearning for the quiet old neighborhoods of Edo that were disappearing. Nostalgia for the past was expressed by authors, many with cosmopolitan outlooks from having traveled and lived overseas.</p>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em;">Night and Nostalgia</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em;">The Man in the Hat </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em;">Tensions Between Old & New: Nagai Kafū </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em;">Complex Synergies: Natsume Sōseki </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em;">Meiji Women Writers: Hasegawa Shigure </span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p><strong>Day 8 Quiz - Night and Nostalgia</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@vertical+block@092abc9a488941fdacb938c88063ceed" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Night & Nostalgia</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@87b7d0491bc74f7897a0c3b54ab313bb">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@87b7d0491bc74f7897a0c3b54ab313bb" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Night & Nostalgia</h3>
<div
id="video_87b7d0491bc74f7897a0c3b54ab313bb"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@87b7d0491bc74f7897a0c3b54ab313bb/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@87b7d0491bc74f7897a0c3b54ab313bb/handler/publish_completion", "streams": "1.00:3lYu2wfpyyQ", "duration": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@87b7d0491bc74f7897a0c3b54ab313bb/handler/transcript/available_translations", "captionDataDir": null, "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "speed": null, "end": 0.0, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "autoAdvance": false, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "prioritizeHls": false, "autohideHtml5": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "sources": [], "completionEnabled": false, "saveStateEnabled": false, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "autoplay": false, "poster": null, "showCaptions": "true", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@87b7d0491bc74f7897a0c3b54ab313bb/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "start": 0.0}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="87b7d0491bc74f7897a0c3b54ab313bb"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_87b7d0491bc74f7897a0c3b54ab313bb">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_87b7d0491bc74f7897a0c3b54ab313bb">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@87b7d0491bc74f7897a0c3b54ab313bb/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@87b7d0491bc74f7897a0c3b54ab313bb/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@html+block@9ac02598e2d44ad99be1b28e5b4ce353">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@html+block@9ac02598e2d44ad99be1b28e5b4ce353" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p><strong>The Writers who Championed Kiyochika</strong></p>
<p>In a text from Visualizing Cultures, François Lachaud, Professor of Japanese Studies at the École Française d'Extrême-Orient, discusses the important role a group of writers played in rediscovering Kiyochika‘s series: </p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<blockquote>
<h5>The Writers who Championed Kiyochika</h5>
<h5>by François Lachaud </h5>
<h5>The prolific work of Kobayashi Kiyochika (1847-1915) would have remained a footnote in Japanese art history but for the efforts of three writers: Noguchi Yonejirō (1875-1947), Nagai Kafū (1879-1959), and Kinoshita Mokutarō (1885-1945).</h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5>After a brief visit to the aging painter who had almost forgotten the details of his career, Kinoshita wrote the first essay on Kiyochika’s “Views of Tōkyō” . . . published in the magazine <em>Geijutsu</em> (Fine Arts) in 1913. He would write another detailed survey of Kiyochika’s work in 1916—one year after Kiyochika’s death—in <em>Chōū bijutsu</em>.</h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5>Noguchi Yonejirō (or Yone) introduced Western audiences to Kiyochika’s views of the city in an essay titled “Kiyochika Kobayashi: A Modern Master of the Japanese Color-Print” (<em>Arts & Decoration</em>, May 1920). A connoisseur of <em>ukiyo-e</em> (Japanese traditional prints), Noguchi wrote extensively on Hokusai and Hiroshige. He also wrote essays on Western artists, among them a brilliant piece on James McNeill Whistler (“A Japanese on Whistler,” 1914).</h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5>The last of the trio was Nagai Kafū, who first mentioned the “Views of Tōkyō” in 1913. His admiration for Kiyochika would last until his final years, as he discovered in the printmaker’s unfinished and prophetic cityscapes the tenets of his own urban aesthetics. To this day, Kafū’s complete works remain the most important corpus of texts written on the new Japanese capital from the days of its birth to its almost complete destruction in 1945, then slouching towards the 1960s.</h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5>Unlike Noguchi and Kinoshita (who later became a renowned dermatologist at Tokyo University and was active in French Indochina in the colonial era), Kafū never embraced the lost cause of imperialism/nationalism which may explain why his acerbic criticisms of modern Japan haven’t lost any of their edge. After a long stay abroad—mostly for pleasure and to learn French—Kafū was appalled by the spectacle of modern Japan as exemplified by the visual appearance of its capital.</h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5>Noguchi, Kinoshita, and Kafū were transnational intellectuals with a strong interest in foreign cultures—not to escape Japanese realities but to reconsider them in a different light. That their paths led them towards Kiyochika’s Tōkyō does not come as a surprise. All three of them rejected naturalism, praised aestheticism, championed impressionism, and were in return fascinated by Edo culture. For them Kiyochika was at the same time the artist who opened the gates towards a past they never experienced and a guide to the Tōkyō of their childhood—the city portrayed in his prints. (Lachaud, in Ulak's <em>Kiyochika's Tokyo—1</em>, MIT Visualizing Cultures, 2016)</h5>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@vertical+block@f95a337813b6406bb845ece4ec9bf22b" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Man in the Hat</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@237bc263d0c142459026ee3d6162d6ba">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@237bc263d0c142459026ee3d6162d6ba" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">The Man in the Hat</h3>
<div
id="video_237bc263d0c142459026ee3d6162d6ba"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@237bc263d0c142459026ee3d6162d6ba/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@237bc263d0c142459026ee3d6162d6ba/handler/publish_completion", "streams": "1.00:pEa-HuFoTMM", "duration": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@237bc263d0c142459026ee3d6162d6ba/handler/transcript/available_translations", "captionDataDir": null, "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "speed": null, "end": 0.0, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "autoAdvance": false, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "prioritizeHls": false, "autohideHtml5": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "sources": [], "completionEnabled": false, "saveStateEnabled": false, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "autoplay": false, "poster": null, "showCaptions": "true", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@237bc263d0c142459026ee3d6162d6ba/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "start": 0.0}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="237bc263d0c142459026ee3d6162d6ba"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_237bc263d0c142459026ee3d6162d6ba">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_237bc263d0c142459026ee3d6162d6ba">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@237bc263d0c142459026ee3d6162d6ba/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@237bc263d0c142459026ee3d6162d6ba/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@html+block@91c253ccc9e44b50989af9fa87a2c6c2">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@html+block@91c253ccc9e44b50989af9fa87a2c6c2" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p>The Man in the Hat, the <em>flâneur</em></p>
<p></p>
<blockquote>
<h5>The “man in the hat” is a striking, if occasional, presence in Kiyochika’s views of Tokyo. The artist’s use of a protagonist is unique in a Japanese cityscape series. It is tempting to think that this gentleman, who appears both alone and with a few companions, is Kiyochika’s surrogate. The lack of certain identification reinforces the ambiguous mood that pervades his prints.</h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5>The brimmed hat with a creased crown (<em>nakaore bōshi</em>) was introduced to Japan in 1873 or 1874, around the time of Kiyochika’s return from the provinces to a transformed Tokyo. Worn with a Western-style suit, traditional kimono, or some other culturally eclectic apparel, this hat marked the wearer as a sophisticate, open to and curious about modern developments. In Kiyochika’s series, the hat underscores his ongoing theme of observing and contemplating a changing city.</h5>
<h5></h5>
<h5>The appeal of the “man in the hat” to Nagai Kafū (1879–1959), a Japanese writer who championed Kiyochika’s works, surely was in its resonance with the notion of the <em>flâneur</em>. Defined as “stroller” or “saunterer,” the term <em>flâneur</em> referred to a man of leisure who would wander the streets of Paris—a city and a mode of existence dear to the Francophile author. Kafū used his collection of Kiyochika prints both as inspiration for his novels and as a nostalgic guide for his strolls through Tokyo, seeking relics of a transitional city already escaping his grasp. (Ulak, wall text, "Kiyochika: Master of the Night" exhibition, March 29, 2014–July 27, 2014, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, From MIT Visualizing Cultures)</h5>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p>If you do a little research, you will find many images and characterizations of the <em>flâneur</em> as a figure strolling against the speed of modernity, a spectator rather than consumer of the urban landscape. Critic Walter Benjamin's <em>The Arcade Projects</em>, a manuscript begun in 1927 and left unfinished in 1940, examines modernity in nineteenth-century Paris, and Baudelaire's popularization of the <em>flâneur</em>:</p>
<p></p>
<blockquote>
<h5>To the <em>flâneur</em>, his city is—even if, like Baudelaire, he happened to be born there—no longer native ground. It represents for him a theatrical display, an arena. (Walter Benjamin, <em>The Arcade Projects</em>, Harvard University Press, 2002, 347)<br /><br /></h5>
</blockquote>
<p><img height="100%" width="100%" src="/assets/courseware/v1/0ca9225fd3c2dfc9fa094abcf4cfd1b8/asset-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@asset+block/nagai-kafu-2.jpg" alt="Nagai Kafū, the writer, photographed by Ihei Kimura,1954" /></p>
<h5>Caption: Nagai Kafū, the writer, photographed by Ihei Kimura,1954 <a href="https://shihlun.tumblr.com/post/84804251799/ihei-kimura-writer-kafu-nagai-1954" target="_blank">(Photo: zero focus 零焦点)</a> This is external to edX and will open a new window</h5>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@vertical+block@ac3514bc2aac4b099faee4a7b0407d82" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Tensions Between Old & New: Nagai Kafū</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@a334b15594764032ad1676967bc7b1bd">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@a334b15594764032ad1676967bc7b1bd" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2"> Tensions between Old & New: Nagai Kafū</h3>
<div
id="video_a334b15594764032ad1676967bc7b1bd"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@a334b15594764032ad1676967bc7b1bd/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@a334b15594764032ad1676967bc7b1bd/handler/publish_completion", "streams": "1.00:DIzcqK9a-NU", "duration": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@a334b15594764032ad1676967bc7b1bd/handler/transcript/available_translations", "captionDataDir": null, "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "speed": null, "end": 0.0, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "autoAdvance": false, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "prioritizeHls": false, "autohideHtml5": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "sources": [], "completionEnabled": false, "saveStateEnabled": false, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "autoplay": false, "poster": null, "showCaptions": "true", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@a334b15594764032ad1676967bc7b1bd/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "start": 0.0}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="a334b15594764032ad1676967bc7b1bd"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_a334b15594764032ad1676967bc7b1bd">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_a334b15594764032ad1676967bc7b1bd">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@a334b15594764032ad1676967bc7b1bd/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@a334b15594764032ad1676967bc7b1bd/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@html+block@236c1dfb416543629b4062a83e773d36">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@html+block@236c1dfb416543629b4062a83e773d36" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p><strong>Tensions between Old and New: Nagai Kafū</strong></p>
<p></p>
<p>Prof. Nagahara talked about the theme of nostalgia for the past, and idealization of childhood and innocence in the works of Tokyo novelists Nagai Kafū (1879-1959), and in the next section, Natsume Sōseki (1867-1916). As Meiji-era Tokyo began a rapid course of modernization in response to the West, feelings of loss—especially loss of ”place“ as the old Tokyo was disappearing—were expressed in literature. </p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Nagai Kafū “Song of Fukugawa”</strong></p>
<p>What was it about modernization that made these authors long for the past?</p>
<p>Kafū's ”Song of Fukugawa“ (<em>Fukagawwa no uta</em>) begins with a streetcar journey that conveys the din of modern transportation. Rachael Hutchinson in her book, <em>Nagai Kafū's Occidentalism: Defining the Japanese Self </em>conveys how radically a change in transportation affected the city:</p>
<blockquote>
<h5>The striking contrast reminds us that Kafū would have been surprised by the extent to which the introduction of the electric streetcar had influenced Tokyo in his absence. Tayama Katai (1987) tells us that the streetcar transformed the entire transport system, leading to the decline of the waterways, the rebuilding of stone bridges into steel, and the relocation of department stores to the busy streetcar intersections (p. 229). . . . Kafū’s choice of subject for the first half of <em>Fukagawwa no uta</em> thus reflects one of the major upheavals in Tokyo life of the time. It is impossible to overstate the horrible confusion and discord created by the collection of loud, repulsive people in the streetcar. The noise jars the ears not only of the narrator but of the reader as well... (Hutchinson, 139).</h5>
</blockquote>
<p>Hutchinson quotes the words of the narrator in “Song of Fukugawa”:</p>
<blockquote>
<h5>I had believed without a doubt that Japan was where I would live forever, and that the Japanese language would always express my emotions freely.</h5>
<h5>Now, I sport a moustache and wear Western clothes. I’m riding in an electric streetcar and crossing the Eitai Bridge, made of steel. How could I have been oblivious to the upheavals of the age? (excerpt from Kafū, <em>Song of Fukugawa</em>, translated from Japanese)</h5>
</blockquote>
<p>Rapid modernization upended the old Edo atmosphere of Tokyo, and Kafū's protagonist in “Song of Fukugawa” travels in search of his dream of the past. In his essay “Hymns to bygone times by Nagai Kafū,” Mathias Hamp describes the Fukugawa the narrator chose to see:</p>
<blockquote>
<h5>So the narrator unexpectedly comes to Fukagawa, which is on the other side of the Sumidagawa River. There, the memories of his youth, when Fukagawa was still a splendid entertainment district, in which one could only get by boat. In this romantic demimonde, in which the busyness of the day and nocturnal exuberance alternated, everything and everyone had been familiar to him. . . . In the course of the Meiji period, however, this district was one of the saddest victims of Japan Modernization. But the narrator does not want to notice the rapid decline. The sad sight of the rundown theater banners and the change with the construction of the Eitaibashi bridge and the extension of the streets stay completely unmentioned maybe even unnoticed. (Hamp, “Hymns to bygone times by Nagai Kafū,” 2019) </h5>
</blockquote>
<p><br />______________</p>
<h3>Sources:</h3>
<h5>Kafū, Nagai. "Fukagawa no uta" (A Song of Fukagawa), written in December 1908 and published in <em>Shumi</em> in February 1909.</h5>
<h5>Hutchinson, Rachael. <em>Nagai Kafū's Occidentalism: Defining the Japanese Self</em>, SUNY Press, New York, 2011.</h5>
<h5>Hamp, Mathias. <a href="https://link.medium.com/6Y6809jFS5?fbclid=IwAR3uLCaKmXnkw6ojnH-vSRak5e6KoOqiVDyGf9umtmilrsWpG2Se78SsASs" target="_blank">“Hymns to bygone times by Nagai Kafū,” Medium.com, May 22, 2019</a> This is external to edX and will open a new window</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@vertical+block@6016b76e07cb401a824b96881b455d8e" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Complex Synergies: Natsume Sōseki</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@c3920839160e4049a6e5ad4dd2e89e38">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@c3920839160e4049a6e5ad4dd2e89e38" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Complex Synergies: Natsume Sōseki</h3>
<div
id="video_c3920839160e4049a6e5ad4dd2e89e38"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@c3920839160e4049a6e5ad4dd2e89e38/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@c3920839160e4049a6e5ad4dd2e89e38/handler/publish_completion", "streams": "1.00:0z-Tuk8zX7A", "duration": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@c3920839160e4049a6e5ad4dd2e89e38/handler/transcript/available_translations", "captionDataDir": null, "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "speed": null, "end": 0.0, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "autoAdvance": false, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "prioritizeHls": false, "autohideHtml5": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "sources": [], "completionEnabled": false, "saveStateEnabled": false, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "autoplay": false, "poster": null, "showCaptions": "true", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@c3920839160e4049a6e5ad4dd2e89e38/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "start": 0.0}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="c3920839160e4049a6e5ad4dd2e89e38"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_c3920839160e4049a6e5ad4dd2e89e38">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_c3920839160e4049a6e5ad4dd2e89e38">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@c3920839160e4049a6e5ad4dd2e89e38/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@video+block@c3920839160e4049a6e5ad4dd2e89e38/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@html+block@fa648cc1cc7e48dca66073900b4c101d">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@html+block@fa648cc1cc7e48dca66073900b4c101d" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p>Complex Synergies: Natsume Sōseki (1867-1916)</p>
<p>Prof. Nagahara discussed the author Natsume Sōseki. Considered one of Japan‘s foremost novelists—a Western-style form that developed in the wake of the Meiji Restoration—Sōseki expressed the conflicts around cultural change. He lived in London for two years on a government fellowship, but suffered from severe culture shock. His earlier novels are known for their humor and wry social commentary (<em>I am a Cat</em> and <em>Botchan</em>), and his masterwork is considered to be <em>Kokoro</em>.</p>
<p>In <em>Reflections in a Glass Door: Memory and Melancholy in the Personal Writings of Natsume Sōseki</em> (University of Hawai'i Press, 2009), Marvin Marcus wrote of a ”complex synergy“ for these novelists poised between Japan and the West, whose style of writing and dress drew on Western styles, while simultaneously expressing a deep longing for old Japan:</p>
<blockquote>
<h5>Meiji writers explored new modes of self-expression and literary discourse, modes that reflected a complex synergy between imported Western models and existing genres and styles. (Marcus, 67) </h5>
</blockquote>
<p>“Memory, Childhood, and Place,” Marcus writes, became linked in the polarization between urban, industrial sights and idealized pastoral memories:</p>
<blockquote>
<h5>It is a commonplace yet crucial observation that the physical transformations wrought upon the landscape—and in the Meiji case, these would be breathtaking in their scope and pace—were paralleled in the figuration and metaphoric representation. Meiji history, so closely identified with urban and industrial development and the “leveling” technologies of transportation and communication, is marked by deracination and relocation. Writers such as Sōseki and Nagai Kafū, who grew up in early-Meiji Tokyo, would construct scenes from childhood cast in rusticated, almost primeval settings—a strangeness commensurate with the gap between the transformed urban present and the “distant” past of one’s early years. A literature of nostalgia would emerge as an all but obligatory counterpart to the juggernaut of progress. For Kafū, evoking the look and feel of an early-Meiji Tokyo that retained the aura of its Edo roots became something of an obsession, and it rivaled the revulsion he felt toward the modernization project in its architectural and urban-design realization. For him, late-Meiji Tokyo was a monstrosity, a pathetic imitation of the great Western capitals. (Marcus, 40)</h5>
</blockquote>
<p>Marcus quotes Sōseki on the topic:</p>
<blockquote>
<h5>Time is the great leveler. Passing by the old neighborhood last year while out on a walk, I noticed that the old house was gone—demolished—and in its place a new boardinghouse was being built. In the meantime, a pawnshop had gone up next door, in front of which stood some trees and shrubbery enclosed by a straggly fence. Three pine trees caught my attention. Though pruned and trimmed into a freakish shape that barely hinted at their former appearance, something about those trees looked strangely familiar. I was reminded of a haiku I’d written long ago: <em>Three pines in the moonlight, casting uneven shadows.</em> (Sōseki, <em>Garasudo</em> 23, 1915, quoted in Marcus, p. 44)</h5>
<p></p>
</blockquote>
<p>________________</p>
<h3>References:</h3>
<h5><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHXUAw-IjVYC&lpg=PA40&ots=xCgtmrPMGJ&dq=Writers%20Kaf%C5%AB%20and%20S%C5%8Dseki%20nostalgia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Marcus, Marvin. <em>Reflections in a Glass Door: Memory and Melancholy in the Personal Writings of Natsume Sōseki</em>, University of Hawai'i Press, 2009 (View on Google Books)</a> This is external to edX and will open a new window</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@vertical+block@c143b3aad2cc463188a5ff2ed530ba41" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Meiji Women Writers: Hasegawa Shigure</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@html+block@25b848d4c3d046b0935b59766de91f01">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@html+block@25b848d4c3d046b0935b59766de91f01" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p>Among the literary community witnessing the influence of the West, there was a young woman who became a famous playwright, Hasegawa Shigure. She is the focus of one of many chapters that bring attention to a host of successful women writers in the book, <em>The Modern Murasaki: Writing by Women of Meiji Japan</em>:</p>
<h5 style="padding-left: 30px;"></h5>
<blockquote>
<h5><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1908 her play Hanomaru was staged at the Kabuki-za Theater in Tokyo by an important troupe of actors. It was the first play written by a Japanese woman ever produced in Japan. It opened to enormous fanfare, and Hasegawa became famous overnight. … In 1911 she saw a production of [Ibsen‘s] <em>A Doll House</em>, and it was not long afterward that she began to write <em>Ch</em><i>ō</i><em>ji midare</em> (<em>Wavering Traces</em>, 1911, translated here). The importance of Ibsen’s play to Japanese feminism is evident in the decision by the editors of <em>Seit</em><i>ō </i></span>(Bluestocking) to devote an entire issue of the magazine to responses to the production. In his review, the critic Ihara Seiseien used the phrase “new woman” (<em>atarashii onna</em>) to describe a “Japanese Nora” he noticed in the audience, who had been brought to tears by the drama. That woman was Hasegawa Shigure. (Carole Cavanaugh, Chapter “Hasegawa Shigure (1879-1941)” from <em>The Modern Murasaki: Writing by Women of Meiji Japan</em>, Rebecca L. Copeland, Melek Ortabasi (editors), Columbia University Press, 2006, p. 271)<i style="font-size: 1em;"> </i></h5>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<h5 style="padding-left: 30px;"></h5>
<p><img height="auto" width="50%" src="/assets/courseware/v1/9ef98c9214ae7e74ddf75248958f5c28/asset-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@asset+block/Shigure_Hasegawa.jpg" alt="Photograph portrait of famous female Japanese playwright, Hasegawa Shigure (1879-1941)" /></p>
<h5>Caption: Photograph portrait of Hasegawa Shigure, (1879-1941). (Source: Wikipedia)</h5>
<blockquote>
<p></p>
</blockquote>
<p>____________________</p>
<h3>References:</h3>
<h5><a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/fem-H78vwCIC?hl=en" target="_blank">Copeland, Rebecca L. and Ortabasi, Melek (editors). <em>The Modern Murasaki: Writing by Women of Meiji Japan</em>, Columbia University Press, New York, 2006 (View on Google books)</a> This is external to edX and will open a new window</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@vertical+block@691d29c533754ccc807bea74fc6cfd98" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Day 8 Quiz - Night & Nostalgia</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="problem" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="1"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Checkboxes
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1">
<legend id="e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Fran&#231;ois Lachaud's text explains that three writers&#8212; Noguchi Yonejir&#333;, Nagai Kaf&#363;, and Kinoshita Mokutar&#333;&#8212;had an impact on Kiyochika&#8217;s legacy. Which statements are true?</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1[]" id="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1"> without their essays written some 30 years after Kiyochika&#8217;s 1876-1881 Tokyo series, the artist might have remained a footnote in Japanese art history
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1[]" id="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1"> Nagai Kaf&#363; in particular was enamored of the appearance of the newly modernized Tokyo
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1[]" id="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1"> the writers were transnational intellectuals interested in foreign cultures
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1[]" id="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1"> they championed both French impressionism and Edo culture
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1[]" id="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_4"/><label id="e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1"> all three writers embraced growing imperialism and nationalism
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1[]" id="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1_choice_5" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_5"/><label id="e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1-choice_5-label" for="input_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1_choice_5" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1"> they saw in Kiyochika&#8217;s prints the T&#333;ky&#333; of their childhood, however romanticized.
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Checkboxes" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="e50868d5de2549e792ad5e0891fd8103-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="True">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="problem" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="1"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Checkboxes
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1">
<legend id="4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">RE: The Man in the Hat.</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1[]" id="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1"> the brimmed hat appeared in Japan in the early 1870s, and was worn with both a Western-style suit or traditional kimono
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1[]" id="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1"> the hat was associated with the figure of the fl&#226;neur
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1[]" id="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1"> the fl&#226;neur was a figure unique to modern Tokyo
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1[]" id="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1"> the fl&#226;neur moved rapidly, actively working to modernize the city
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1[]" id="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_4"/><label id="4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1"> the fl&#226;neur was a stroller or saunterer, a spectator of city life
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1[]" id="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1_choice_5" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_5"/><label id="4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1-choice_5-label" for="input_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1_choice_5" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1"> the &#8220;man in the hat&#8221; appeared in Kiyochika's prints alone and in small groups as his surrogate
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Checkboxes" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="4de436d890ad457192790dc59e7b8642-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="True">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-graded="True" data-request-token="baa9b4a043c111ef8f120e08775edbcd" data-block-type="problem" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="1"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Checkboxes
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+VTx+1T2019+type@problem+block@40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1">
<legend id="40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which were characteristics of Tokyo&#8217;s modernization as writers like S&#333;seki and Kaf&#363; saw it?</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1[]" id="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1"> they admired the scope and pace of transformation creating a wondrous new Tokyo competitive in the international arena
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1[]" id="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1"> the &#8220;leveling&#8221; technologies of transportation and communication led to alienation, deracination and relocation
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1[]" id="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1"> there was a growing gap between the transformed urban present and the &#8220;distant&#8221; past of one&#8217;s early years
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1[]" id="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1"> the modernizing architectural and urban-design was a pathetic imitation of Western capitals
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1[]" id="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_4"/><label id="40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1"> what remained of early-Meiji Tokyo and its Edo roots was an unpleasant reminder of Japan&#8217;s past
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Checkboxes" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="40e6f12553a84c1ba074b24aebafc8d9-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="True">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>