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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 4.4</h3>
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<p><b>Correction:</b> On the slide shown at 4:21, the second generation affected male offspring (filled-in square) should be mated to a second generation unaffected female (a hollow circle, <i>not</i> a hollow square). This is shown correctly on the chalkboard at 4:30.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Reference Summary</h2>
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<h3><b> Pedigrees and Modes of Inheritance</b></h3>
<p> A <b> pedigree </b> is a visual diagram used to map out the inheritance of genetic traits within a family. Pedigrees are often useful for determining the mode of inheritance, or inheritance pattern, of a particular trait. </p>
<p>Genetic traits can display various modes of inheritance. They can be either dominant or recessive, and they can be either autosomal or X-linked. This course focuses on the following modes of inheritance:
<ul>
<li> <b>Autosomal recessive</b>: a recessive trait that is inherited on any chromosome that is not X or Y<br /> Pedigrees of autosomal recessive traits exhibit affected offspring from TWO unaffected parents (both sexes should be affected equally). </li>
<li> <b>Autosomal dominant</b>: a dominant trait that is inherited on any chromosome that is not X or Y<br />For pedigrees of autosomal dominant traits, every affected offspring has one affected parent (both sexes should be affected equally). </li>
<li> <b>X-linked recessive</b>: a recessive trait that is inherited on the X chromosome (this means that females will each have two alleles and males will only have one)<br /> Pedigress of X-linked recessive traits will often have only males affected.</li>
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<h3><b>Pedigree Nomenclature</b></h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Exercise 1 (Pedigree Features)</h2>
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<p> The following questions will center around this pedigree showing the ability to roll the tongue. </p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Exercise 2 (Mode of Inheritance)</h2>
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<p> The following questions will continue to center around this <b>same pedigree from Exercise 1</b>. </p>
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Question 1
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<p>The mode of inheritance demonstrated by this pedigree is ___________.</p>
<p>Select the best response to complete the phrase above. </p>
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</label>
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</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_01a0228cdb8f4c659715c35cabf47d03_2_1" id="input_01a0228cdb8f4c659715c35cabf47d03_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="01a0228cdb8f4c659715c35cabf47d03_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_01a0228cdb8f4c659715c35cabf47d03_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_01a0228cdb8f4c659715c35cabf47d03_2_1"> neither
</label>
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<p>(for X-linked, only males are affected)
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Question 2
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<p>Is the pedigree dominant or recessive?
<br/>Select the best answer.</p>
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</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_2a9ef4891d394735a9282d25aad79f24_2_1" id="input_2a9ef4891d394735a9282d25aad79f24_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="2a9ef4891d394735a9282d25aad79f24_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_2a9ef4891d394735a9282d25aad79f24_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2a9ef4891d394735a9282d25aad79f24_2_1"> recessive
</label>
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<span id="answer_2a9ef4891d394735a9282d25aad79f24_2_1"/>
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<p>
(recessive: affected offspring usually come from TWO unaffected parents <br/>dominant: affected offspring always have an affected parent)
</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Exercise 3 (Another Punnett Square)</h2>
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<p> The following question will continue to center around this <b>same pedigree from Exercises 1 and 2</b> that shows the ability to roll the tongue. </p>
<img src='/assets/courseware/v1/9aa4d376f652ae84a007f373be1c64b2/asset-v1:OCW+Pre-7.01+1T2020+type@asset+block/t1.png'>
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Question 1
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<p> Assuming that the ability to roll the tongue is dominant, use the dropdown boxes in the table corresponding to the correct genotypes of the parental generation (I) and the second generation (II). Some information has been provided for you.</p>
<p>Use these alleles: <b>T</b> = can roll tongue, <b>t</b> = cannot roll tongue.</p>
<table class="chart" summary="A Punnett Square to represent a cross. The header is the gametes of one parent and the first column is the gametes of the other, with offspring results in the second and third column." label="Three columns. The first column indicates the gametes of one F 1 parent. The second and third columns give the offspring resulting from the F 1 cross." width="100%"><caption>Complete the Punnett Square</caption>
<tbody>
<tr><th scope="col" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/015929758d3cd89d108d6a207619ec44/asset-v1:OCW+Pre-7.01+1T2020+type@asset+block/ps2_q4c_gametes_arrow.png" style="float:center;" alt="Figure labeling the header and first column as the F 1 gametes."/></th>
<th scope="col" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><b>T</b></th>
<th scope="col" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><div class="inline" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="inputtype option-input inline">
<select name="input_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_2_1" id="input_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_2_1" aria-describedby="status_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_2_1">
<option value="option_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_2_1_dummy_default">Select an option</option>
<option value="T"> T</option>
<option value="t"> t</option>
<option value="TT"> TT</option>
<option value="Tt"> Tt</option>
<option value="tt"> tt</option>
</select>
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<p class="answer" id="answer_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_2_1"/>
</div></div></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><div class="inline" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 2" role="group"><div class="inputtype option-input inline">
<select name="input_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_3_1" id="input_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_3_1" aria-describedby="status_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_3_1">
<option value="option_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_3_1_dummy_default">Select an option</option>
<option value="T"> T</option>
<option value="t"> t</option>
<option value="TT"> TT</option>
<option value="Tt"> Tt</option>
<option value="tt"> tt</option>
</select>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_3_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
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</span>
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<p class="answer" id="answer_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_3_1"/>
</div></div></td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><div class="inline" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 3" role="group"><div class="inputtype option-input inline">
<select name="input_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_4_1" id="input_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_4_1" aria-describedby="status_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_4_1">
<option value="option_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_4_1_dummy_default">Select an option</option>
<option value="T"> T</option>
<option value="t"> t</option>
<option value="TT"> TT</option>
<option value="Tt"> Tt</option>
<option value="tt"> tt</option>
</select>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_4_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
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</span>
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<p class="answer" id="answer_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_4_1"/>
</div></div></td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><div class="inline" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 4" role="group"><div class="inputtype option-input inline">
<select name="input_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_5_1" id="input_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_5_1" aria-describedby="status_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_5_1">
<option value="option_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_5_1_dummy_default">Select an option</option>
<option value="T"> T</option>
<option value="t"> t</option>
<option value="TT"> TT</option>
<option value="Tt"> Tt</option>
<option value="tt"> tt</option>
</select>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_5_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
<p class="answer" id="answer_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_5_1"/>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><div class="inline" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 5" role="group"><div class="inputtype option-input inline">
<select name="input_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_6_1" id="input_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_6_1" aria-describedby="status_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_6_1">
<option value="option_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_6_1_dummy_default">Select an option</option>
<option value="T"> T</option>
<option value="t"> t</option>
<option value="TT"> TT</option>
<option value="Tt"> Tt</option>
<option value="tt"> tt</option>
</select>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_6_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
<p class="answer" id="answer_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_6_1"/>
</div></div></td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><div class="inline" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 6" role="group"><div class="inputtype option-input inline">
<select name="input_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_7_1" id="input_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_7_1" aria-describedby="status_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_7_1">
<option value="option_a451f954306a48ad9d9d671e6f8cb2c1_7_1_dummy_default">Select an option</option>
<option value="T"> T</option>
<option value="t"> t</option>
<option value="TT"> TT</option>
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