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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Lecture 4.3</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 4.3</h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Reference Summary</h2>
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<h3><b> A List of Genetic Terminology </b></h3>
<ul>
<li> Genotype = genes of the individual </li>
<li> Phenotype = observable characteristics </li>
<li> Gene = a unit of hereditary (inheritance)* </li>
<li> Allele = alternate forms of a gene; for example, the gene "apple" could have different forms (different DNA sequences) such as "appleB" and "appleb" </li>
<li> Gametes = germ cells, egg or sperm <br />
Generation = individuals born at the same time from the same parents or their parents' siblings </li>
</ul>
<br/>
<ul>
<li> P = parent</li>
<li> F1 = first generation offspring </li>
<li> F2 = second generation</li>
</ul>
<br /><p><em>*NOTE: this is the genetic definition of a gene. In terms of molecular biology, a gene is defined as the DNA instructions for a product.</em></p><br /><br />
<h3><b>Dominant v. Recessive</b></h3>
<p>When in combination, different traits can be either dominant or recessive. If a trait is <b>dominant</b>, it will be expressed whenever an allele for that trait is present. If a trait is <b> recessive</b>, it will be expressed ONLY when the allele for that trait is present AND dominant alleles are absent.</p>
<p> For example, for a gene determines color, there may be an allele (A) that codes for red color and an allele (a) that codes for green color. <br /> If A is dominant to a (meaning that a is recessive to A), then AA = red, Aa = red, and aa = green.</p>
<p> However, some traits have more complicated expression patterns. With the same example gene, <b>incomplete dominance</b> would result in a new, blended trait when different alleles are present. <br />For example: Aa = orange. </p><p> There is also <b>codominance</b> in which the traits of both alleles are expressed leading to a mixed trait. <br />For example: Aa = red and green spots.</p><br /><br />
<h3><b>Punnett Squares</b></h3>
<p><b>Punnett Squares</b> are a method to visually represent the likelihood of potential genotypes (and their resulting phenotypes) of the progeny of a cross (the F1 generation) based on the genotypes of the parents.</p> <img src='/assets/courseware/v1/5aa4bc104d7fadf2b4f9d08cab54ee4b/asset-v1:OCW+Pre-7.01+1T2020+type@asset+block/s0.png' alt="This image shows a Punnett Square, which is a 3 by 3 table. Here, the big B allele is dominant to small b, and small b is recessive to big B. Big B is associated with a green phenotype, and small b is associated with a yellow phenotype. Above the Punnett Square, the information about the genetic cross is given as follows. The cross is between two individuals that are each from parental strains. One individual is referred to as P1 and the other is P2. Both P1 and P2 have a green phenotype. The genotype of P1 is large B small b. The genotype of P2 is also large B small b. Now, in the table, each allele of P1's genotype is written in a column of the first row and each allele of P2's genotype is written in a row of the first column. These boxes represent the possible gametes of each parent. The box corresponding to the first row and first column is left blank. Thus, the second column of the first row contains a large B and the third column of the first row contains a small b. The second row of the first column contains a large B and the third row of the first column contains a small b. The remaining 4 boxes are the potential genotypes of the F1 offspring. The contents of first row are propagated down to the rows underneath. Similarly, the contents of the first column are propagated to the right to the subsequent columns. Therefore, the remaining boxes of the Punnett Square are as follows. In the second row, the second column has a genotype of large B large B and has a green phenotype. The third column of the second row has a genotype of large B small b and has a green phenotype. In the third row, the second column has a genotype of large B small b and has a green phenotype. The third column of the third row has a genotype of small b small b and has a yellow phenotype. The phenotypic ratio of offspring produced from this cross will 3 green offspring to every 1 yellow offspring.">
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<table class="chart" summary="A chart of the information for the cross including the parental identities, the parental genotypes, and the parental phenotypes." label="Three columns. The first column gives the parental identity, P1 or P2. The second column gives the genotype of that parent, and the third column gives the phenotype of that parent.">
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<td scope="col" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;" width="120">
<strong>Parents</strong>
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<td scope="col" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;" width="120">
<strong>Genotype</strong></td>
<td scope="col" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;" width="120">
<strong>Phenotype</strong></td>
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<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">P1</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">QQ</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">red eye</td>
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<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">P2</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">qq</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">white eye</td>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Exercise 1 (Punnett Squares: Genotypes)</h2>
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Question 1
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<table class="chart" summary="A chart of the information for the cross including the parental identities and the parental genotypes." label="Two columns. The first column gives the parental identity, P1 or P2. The second column gives the genotype of that parent.">
<tr>
<td scope="col" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;" width="120"><strong>Parents</strong></td>
<td scope="col" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;" width="120"><strong>Genotype</strong></td>
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<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">P1</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Qq</td>
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<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">P2</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Qq</td>
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</table>
<p>A cross is performed between a P1 and P2 individual that have the genotypes described in the table above.</p>
<p>Use the dropdown options of allelic combinations to complete the Punnett Square and show the possible gametes and resulting F1 progeny of the cross. Some information has been provided for you. Alleles sort independently.</p>
<table class="chart" summary="A Punnett Square to represent a genetic cross. The header is the gametes of one parent and the first column is the gametes of the other, with offspring results in the second and third column." label="Three columns. The first column indicates the gametes of one F 1 parent. The second and third columns give the offspring resulting from the F 1 cross." width="100%">
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<tr><th scope="col" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/015929758d3cd89d108d6a207619ec44/asset-v1:OCW+Pre-7.01+1T2020+type@asset+block/ps2_q4c_gametes_arrow.png" style="float:center;" alt="Figure labeling the header and first column as the F 1 gametes."/></th>
<th scope="col" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><b>Q</b></th>
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<option value="Q"> Q</option>
<option value="q"> q</option>
<option value="QQ"> QQ</option>
<option value="Qq"> Qq</option>
<option value="qq"> qq</option>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Exercise 2 (Punnett Squares: Phenotypes)</h2>
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Question 1
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<table class="chart" summary="A chart of the information for the cross including the parental identities, the parental genotypes, and the parental phenotypes." label="Three columns. The first column gives the parental identity, P1 or P2. The second column gives the genotype of that parent, and the third column gives the phenotype of that parent.">
<tr>
<td scope="col" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;" width="120"><strong>Parents</strong></td>
<td scope="col" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;" width="120"><strong>Genotype</strong></td>
<td scope="col" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;" width="120"><strong>Phenotype</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">P1</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">QQ</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">red eye</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">P2</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">qq</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">white eye</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>A cross is performed between a P1 and P2 individual that have the genotypes and phenotypes described in the table above. The F1 progeny of this cross all have red eyes.</p>
<p>Use the dropdown options to complete the Punnett Square and show the possible gametes and resulting F1 progeny of the cross. Some information has been provided for you. Alleles sort independently.</p>
<table class="chart" summary="A Punnett Square to represent a genetic cross. The header is the gametes of one parent and the first column is the gametes of the other, with offspring results in the second and third column." label="Three columns. The first column indicates the gametes of one F 1 parent. The second and third columns give the offspring resulting from the F 1 cross." width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr><th scope="col" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/015929758d3cd89d108d6a207619ec44/asset-v1:OCW+Pre-7.01+1T2020+type@asset+block/ps2_q4c_gametes_arrow.png" style="float:center;" alt="Figure labeling the header and first column as the F 1 gametes."/></th>
<th scope="col" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><b>Q</b></th>
<th scope="col" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><div class="inline" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="inputtype option-input inline">
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<option value="Q"> Q</option>
<option value="q"> q</option>
<option value="QQ"> QQ</option>
<option value="Qq"> Qq</option>
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<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"><b>q</b></td>
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Question 2
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<p>Based on the phenotypes of the progeny shown in the Punnett Square from Question 1, which allele is dominant?
</p>
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</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_13dc863189bb4dfcbf8c95deda092dfc_2_1" id="input_13dc863189bb4dfcbf8c95deda092dfc_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="13dc863189bb4dfcbf8c95deda092dfc_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_13dc863189bb4dfcbf8c95deda092dfc_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_13dc863189bb4dfcbf8c95deda092dfc_2_1"> white eyes
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</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="13dc863189bb4dfcbf8c95deda092dfc-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="13dc863189bb4dfcbf8c95deda092dfc-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="False">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>