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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Reference Summary</h2>
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<h3><b>Translation</b></h3>
<p> Translation is the process by which RNA is decoded by the ribosome to produce a polypeptide.</p><p>A <b>codon</b> is a set of 3 consecutive nucleotides that together code for an amino acid. </p> <p> Adaptor RNA molecules called <b> tRNAs </b> bring amino acids to the ribosome.<br />The tRNAs have <b>anticodons</b> that pair (antiparallelly) with the codon to ensure that the correct amino acid is being added. </p>
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<h3><b>The Codon Chart</b></h3>
<p> The <b>codon chart</b> is used to determine which amino acid corresponds to which codon. Notice that some amino acids have multiple codons but each codon only codes for one amino acid.</p>
<p> Here is a codon chart. </p>
<img src='/assets/courseware/v1/522a130818e51e7d580bc9834ad314b6/asset-v1:OCW+Pre-7.01+1T2020+type@asset+block/p0.png' alt="Here is a codon chart that is used to identify the amino acids that correspond to each R N A codon. The chart has 4 rows and 4 columns, both of which correspond to the 4 possible nucleotides of R N A (which are U, C, A, G). The rows correspond to the first letter of the codon (at the 5 prime end of the sequence) and is selected first. Then, a column is chosen; the columns correspond to the second letter of the codon. Then, the 4 possible codons (corresponding to the 4 possible options for the third letter (at the 3 prime end of the sequence)) are listed in the selected box with the corrresponding amino acid written next to the codon. Each amino acid is notated with its three-letter abreviation. The codons of all the boxes will now be enlisted in the order (from left to right) written on the chart: U U U = Phenylalanine or P h e, U U C = Phenylalanine or P h e, U U A = Leucine or L e u, U U G = Leucine or L e u, U C U = Serine or S e r, U C C = Serine or S e r, U C A = Serine or S e r, U C G = Serine or S e r, U A U = Tyrosine or T y r, U A C = Tyrosine or T y r, U A A = STOP, U A G = STOP, U G U = Cysteine or C y s, U G C = Cysteine or C y s, U G A = STOP, U G G = Tryptophan or T r p, C U U = Leucine or L e u, C U C = Leucine or L e u, C U A = Leucine or L e u, C U G = Leucine or L e u, C U A = Leucine or L e u, C U G = Leucine or L e u, C C U = Proline or P r o, C C C = Proline or P r o, C C A = Pro, C C G = Proline or P r o, C A U = Histidine or H i s, C A C = Histidine or H i s, C A A = Glutamine or G l n, C A G = Glutamine or G l n, C G U = Arginine or A r g, C G C = Arginine or A r g, C G A = Arginine or A r g, C G G = Arginine or A r g, A U U = Isoleucine or I l e, A U C = Isoleucine or I l e, A U A = Isoleucine or I l e, A U G = Methionine or M e t, A C U = Threonine or T h r, A C C = Threonine or T h r, A C A = Threonine or T h r, A C G = Threonine or T h r, A A U = Asparagine or A s n, A A C = Asparagine or A s n, A A A = Lysine or L y s, A A G = Lysine or L y s, A G U = Serine or S e r, A G C = Serine or S e r, A G A = Arginine or A r g, A G G = Arginine or A r g, G U U = Valine or V a l, G U C = Valine or V a l, G U A = Valine or V a l, G U G = Valine or V a l, G C U = Alanine or A l a, G C C = Alanine or A l a, G C A = Alanine or A l a, G C G = Alanine or A l a, G A U = Aspartic acid or A s p, G A C = Aspartic acid or A s p, G A A = Glutamic acid or G l u, G A G = Glutamic acid or G l u, G G U = Glycine or G l y, G G C = Glycine or G l y, G G A = Glycine or G l y, G G G = Glycine or G l y.">
<p>When using this chart, remember that nucleic acids are read from 5' to 3'. Therefore, the first nucleotide, or letter, will always be the one closest to the 5' end and the third nucleotide will always be the one closest to the 3' end.</p>
<p><em>(A codon chart will always be given to you, so you do not need to memorize it.)</em></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Exercise 1 (Understanding Codons)</h2>
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<p>There is a <b>codon chart</b> at the end of this page in case you would like it as a reference. </p>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>For the RNA below, determine the codons <em>(triplets of bases, starting at the 5' end)</em>.</p>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>Create the peptide (small protein) sequence that would be produced by the RNA in Question 1 (reproduced below). To make the peptide sequence, type the correct amino acid three (3) letter code into the text box. <em>(Using the codon chart, find amino acids that match the codons, starting at the 5' end.)</em></p>
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<p>Also, indicate polarity of the peptide by typing "N" and "C" at the proper termini.</p>
<p>Place a single hyphen (the "-" character) between each termini and amino acid <b>without adding spaces</b>. Begin with the N terminus. (<b>Example:</b> N-XXX-YYY-ZZZ-C)</p>
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<p> Here is a codon chart. </p>
<img src='/assets/courseware/v1/522a130818e51e7d580bc9834ad314b6/asset-v1:OCW+Pre-7.01+1T2020+type@asset+block/p0.png' alt="Here is a codon chart that is used to identify the amino acids that correspond to each R N A codon. The chart has 4 rows and 4 columns, both of which correspond to the 4 possible nucleotides of R N A (which are U, C, A, G). The rows correspond to the first letter of the codon (at the 5 prime end of the sequence) and is selected first. Then, a column is chosen; the columns correspond to the second letter of the codon. Then, the 4 possible codons (corresponding to the 4 possible options for the third letter (at the 3 prime end of the sequence)) are listed in the selected box with the corrresponding amino acid written next to the codon. Each amino acid is notated with its three-letter abreviation. The codons of all the boxes will now be enlisted in the order (from left to right) written on the chart: U U U = Phenylalanine or P h e, U U C = Phenylalanine or P h e, U U A = Leucine or L e u, U U G = Leucine or L e u, U C U = Serine or S e r, U C C = Serine or S e r, U C A = Serine or S e r, U C G = Serine or S e r, U A U = Tyrosine or T y r, U A C = Tyrosine or T y r, U A A = STOP, U A G = STOP, U G U = Cysteine or C y s, U G C = Cysteine or C y s, U G A = STOP, U G G = Tryptophan or T r p, C U U = Leucine or L e u, C U C = Leucine or L e u, C U A = Leucine or L e u, C U G = Leucine or L e u, C U A = Leucine or L e u, C U G = Leucine or L e u, C C U = Proline or P r o, C C C = Proline or P r o, C C A = Pro, C C G = Proline or P r o, C A U = Histidine or H i s, C A C = Histidine or H i s, C A A = Glutamine or G l n, C A G = Glutamine or G l n, C G U = Arginine or A r g, C G C = Arginine or A r g, C G A = Arginine or A r g, C G G = Arginine or A r g, A U U = Isoleucine or I l e, A U C = Isoleucine or I l e, A U A = Isoleucine or I l e, A U G = Methionine or M e t, A C U = Threonine or T h r, A C C = Threonine or T h r, A C A = Threonine or T h r, A C G = Threonine or T h r, A A U = Asparagine or A s n, A A C = Asparagine or A s n, A A A = Lysine or L y s, A A G = Lysine or L y s, A G U = Serine or S e r, A G C = Serine or S e r, A G A = Arginine or A r g, A G G = Arginine or A r g, G U U = Valine or V a l, G U C = Valine or V a l, G U A = Valine or V a l, G U G = Valine or V a l, G C U = Alanine or A l a, G C C = Alanine or A l a, G C A = Alanine or A l a, G C G = Alanine or A l a, G A U = Aspartic acid or A s p, G A C = Aspartic acid or A s p, G A A = Glutamic acid or G l u, G A G = Glutamic acid or G l u, G G U = Glycine or G l y, G G C = Glycine or G l y, G G A = Glycine or G l y, G G G = Glycine or G l y.">
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Exercise 2 (Polypeptide Synthesis)</h2>
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<p>There is a <b>codon chart</b> at the end of this page in case you would like it as a reference. </p>
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Question 1
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>Create the peptide (small protein) sequence that would be produced by the RNA below. To make the peptide sequence, type the correct amino acid three (3) letter code into the text box. <em>(Using the codon chart, find amino acids that match the codons, starting at the 5' end.)</em></p>
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<strong>5' UUACUGAAAGGG 3'</strong>
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<p>Also, indicate polarity of the peptide by typing "N" and "C" at the proper termini.</p>
<p>Place a single hyphen (the "-" character) between each termini and amino acid <b>without adding spaces</b>. Begin with the N terminus. (<b>Example:</b> N-XXX-YYY-ZZZ-C)</p>
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Question 2
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<p> For the first codon of the RNA from Question 1, write the anticodon sequence (the sequence on the tRNA, that hybridizes to the codon). <br/> Be sure to include polarity! (<b>Ex:</b> 5'XXX3' or 3'XXX5')</p>
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<p> Here is a codon chart. </p>
<img src='/assets/courseware/v1/522a130818e51e7d580bc9834ad314b6/asset-v1:OCW+Pre-7.01+1T2020+type@asset+block/p0.png' alt="Here is a codon chart that is used to identify the amino acids that correspond to each R N A codon. The chart has 4 rows and 4 columns, both of which correspond to the 4 possible nucleotides of R N A (which are U, C, A, G). The rows correspond to the first letter of the codon (at the 5 prime end of the sequence) and is selected first. Then, a column is chosen; the columns correspond to the second letter of the codon. Then, the 4 possible codons (corresponding to the 4 possible options for the third letter (at the 3 prime end of the sequence)) are listed in the selected box with the corrresponding amino acid written next to the codon. Each amino acid is notated with its three-letter abreviation. The codons of all the boxes will now be enlisted in the order (from left to right) written on the chart: U U U = Phenylalanine or P h e, U U C = Phenylalanine or P h e, U U A = Leucine or L e u, U U G = Leucine or L e u, U C U = Serine or S e r, U C C = Serine or S e r, U C A = Serine or S e r, U C G = Serine or S e r, U A U = Tyrosine or T y r, U A C = Tyrosine or T y r, U A A = STOP, U A G = STOP, U G U = Cysteine or C y s, U G C = Cysteine or C y s, U G A = STOP, U G G = Tryptophan or T r p, C U U = Leucine or L e u, C U C = Leucine or L e u, C U A = Leucine or L e u, C U G = Leucine or L e u, C U A = Leucine or L e u, C U G = Leucine or L e u, C C U = Proline or P r o, C C C = Proline or P r o, C C A = Pro, C C G = Proline or P r o, C A U = Histidine or H i s, C A C = Histidine or H i s, C A A = Glutamine or G l n, C A G = Glutamine or G l n, C G U = Arginine or A r g, C G C = Arginine or A r g, C G A = Arginine or A r g, C G G = Arginine or A r g, A U U = Isoleucine or I l e, A U C = Isoleucine or I l e, A U A = Isoleucine or I l e, A U G = Methionine or M e t, A C U = Threonine or T h r, A C C = Threonine or T h r, A C A = Threonine or T h r, A C G = Threonine or T h r, A A U = Asparagine or A s n, A A C = Asparagine or A s n, A A A = Lysine or L y s, A A G = Lysine or L y s, A G U = Serine or S e r, A G C = Serine or S e r, A G A = Arginine or A r g, A G G = Arginine or A r g, G U U = Valine or V a l, G U C = Valine or V a l, G U A = Valine or V a l, G U G = Valine or V a l, G C U = Alanine or A l a, G C C = Alanine or A l a, G C A = Alanine or A l a, G C G = Alanine or A l a, G A U = Aspartic acid or A s p, G A C = Aspartic acid or A s p, G A A = Glutamic acid or G l u, G A G = Glutamic acid or G l u, G G U = Glycine or G l y, G G C = Glycine or G l y, G G A = Glycine or G l y, G G G = Glycine or G l y.">
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