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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Reference Summary</h2>
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<h3><b> What is a cell? </b></h3>
<p> A cell is a smallest unit of life that is bound by a membrane and can self-replicate.</p>
<p> There are two types of cells: <strong>eukaryotic cells</strong> (such as the cells that make up plants and animals) and <strong>prokaryotic cells</strong> (such as bacteria cells). <br/>An organism that is made up of one or more eukaryotic cells is called a <strong>eukaryote</strong>, and an organism whose cells are prokaryotic is called a <strong>prokaryote</strong>. In this way, plants and animals can be referred to as eukaryotes and bacteria are examples of prokaryotes.</p>
<br />
<h3><b> Organelles </b></h3>
<p> An organelle is defined as a specialized structure within a cell that serves a specific function. </p>
<p> The chart below lists eukaryotic organelles with a short summary of their functions. Pay particular note to the nucleus, mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria), and ribosome.
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<br /><br />
<table class="chart" summary="Here, is a table titled Common Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells with two columns: one for the organelle's name and a second for the organelle's function. First are listed the organelles that have membranes and include the following organelles. The nucleus has the function of protecting and controlling access to D N A. The Endoplasmic Reticulum (or E R) has the function of routing and modifying new polypeptide chains. The E R also synthesizes lipids and performs other tasks. The Golgi body has the functions of modifying polypeptide chains and sorting and shipping proteins and lipids. A vesicle may have the function of transporting, storing, or digesting substances in the cell or other functions. A mitochondrion has the function of making A T P by breaking down sugars. A chloroplast has the function of making sugars in plants and some protists. A lysosome has the function of intracellular digestion. A peroxisome has the function of inactivating toxins. A vacuole has the function of storage. Next are listed the organelles that do not have membranes. These include the following organelles. A ribosome has the function of assembling polypeptide chains. The final listed organelle, the centriole, has the function of acting as an anchor for the cytoskeleton.">
<tr>
<td scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:24px; border: none;" width="100">
<strong>Common Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells</strong>
</td>
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<tr>
<td scope="col" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;" width="30">
<strong>Name</strong>
</td>
<td scope="col" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;" width="70">
<strong>Function</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;" width="100">
<strong><em>Organelles with membranes</em></strong>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Nucleus</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Protecting, controlling access to DNA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Routing, modifying new polypeptide chains; synthesizing lipids; other tasks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Golgi body</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Modifying polypeptide chains; sorting, shipping proteins and lipids</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Vesicle</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Transporting, storing, or digesting substances in the cell, other functions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Mitochondrion</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Making ATP by breaking down sugars</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Chloroplast</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Making sugars in plants and some protists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Lysosome</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Intracellular digestion</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Peroxisome</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Inactivation of toxins</td>
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<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Vacuole</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Storage</td>
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<tr>
<td scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;" width="100">
<strong><em>Organelles without membranes</em></strong>
</td>
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<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Ribosome</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Assembling polypeptide chains</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Centriole</td>
<td scope="row" style="text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">Anchor for the cytoskeleton</td>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Exercise 1 (Organelle Locations and Functions)</h2>
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<p>The following questions center around the diagram of a cell shown below. Certain parts of the cell have been labeled by a red number, one through six (1 - 6).</p>
<img src='/assets/courseware/v1/2312ee71b9b6767b1b6f00dee8a05734/asset-v1:OCW+Pre-7.01+1T2020+type@asset+block/2.4_exercise_1.PNG' width="400" alt = "This image depicts a cell and the various parts that compose it. The cell periphery is defined by a large circle that encompases all of the following organelles, labeled as one (1). There are two ellipse shapes that have no other features, labeled as four (4). There are two other ellipses that are labeled with an M and that have a wavy membrane drawn in their interior, labeled as two (2). There is a prominent circle near the center of the cell that contains a smaller cellular compartment within it, labeled as three (3). Near this circle is a wavey structure that features some very small circles attached to it. Some of these very small circles are be seen on the central wavy structure and there are others within the cytoplasm. The very small circles are labeled with an R and five (5). There is also a hexagonal-like polygon structure near a rod-like structure. There is a network of string-like lines that permeate the cytoplasm. Finally, there is a grouping of oblong, curvy shapes in the cytoplasm, labeled as six (6).">
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Question 2
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>Which number indicates the <strong>nucleus</strong> of the cell? Select the best answer.</p>
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Question 3
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>Which numbers indicate organelle(s) that contain(s) genes (DNA)? Select all that apply.</p>
<div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1">
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1[]" id="input_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1"> 1
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1[]" id="input_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1"> 2
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1[]" id="input_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1"> 3
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1[]" id="input_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_848f5c7e5b074b2b8f34b499c8eeb2a2_2_1"> 4
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