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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Theory of Change for Existing Organizations</h2>
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<p>If you're not familiar with Theory of Change or its cousins, logic model and logframe methods, you're about to discover the practical value of using the ideas they are built on. By mapping out the anticipated results of your activities, you can clarify <em>how</em> what you plan to do will eventually deliver impact. Different versions of Theory of Change approaches may vary in the details, but for this course we’ll focus on the core aspects. If you can map out three key elements of your proposed solution, you will have an excellent start in showing how you aim to change the world. In short, a Theory of Change equips you with a clear path for why your actions might lead to your desired impact, which allows you to test each step in that path for its effectiveness.</p>
<p>Our approach to Theory of Change involves mapping out the following four elements:</p>
<ol type="1" start="1">
<li><b>Inputs:</b> The activities you undertake, the things you purchase or are given, and the effort of people you work with. We'll also use inputs to encompass the things you produce for others: your goods or services.</li>
<li><b>Outputs</b>: The immediate results for the people who purchase, participate in, or are affected by your products or services.</li>
<li><b>Outcomes:</b> The effects that you aim to enable through your direct work—the changes for individuals, groups, communities, organizations, communities, or systems that are the result of your outputs.</li>
<li><b>Evidence:</b> Quantitative or qualitative data that captures your inputs, outputs, and outcomes, and that backs up your view of the connections among them.</li>
</ol>
<p>Of course, you will have many ideas for what might go into each category. And there’s more than one way to generate impact. For any given outcome, different innovators may come up with very different inputs and outputs – and that's ok. We want to learn about the specific route to impact that <strong>you</strong> have in mind. To get there, you’ll create brief overviews of your inputs, outputs, and outcomes, along with your take on the evidence and linkages. Just a sentence or two for each of these will get you a long way. Together these statements and references make for a concise, high-quality statement of impact opportunity. For this week of the course, we will share some specific examples of strong and weaker impact opportunity statements, and help you learn to write your own.</p>
<p>What you learn this week may remind you of elements that you learned about Impact Opportunity in a previous week of our course. There can sometimes be some overlap between Impact Opportunity and Theory of Change, but their essential components are distinct. Impact Opportunity is an existing situation, while Theory of Change is the approach that you'll take to making that situation better. For this week of the course, we will share some specific examples of strong and weaker Theory of Change statements and help you learn to write your own.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Kinedu</h2>
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<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/bd89c7ebdab452475f5d72d661bc7b34/asset-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@asset+block/Kinedu_Logo.png" alt="Kinedu Logo" style="float: right; padding: 12px;" width="251" height="64" />Kinedu makes a smartphone app that provides parents with specific activities to do with their children from birth through age 5. Their aim is to help parents in developing all areas of their child's capacity - physical, cognitive, social, and emotional. Let's have a look at their Theory of Change (adapted from their <a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/early-childhood-development/solutions/6702/application" target="_blank">Solve application</a>):</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Kinedu provides easy to use, actionable information to parents and caregivers. This includes sharing articles on how children develop and providing developmentally-appropriate activity recommendations with example videos. Our immediate goals are to increase the frequency of developmental activities with a child, understanding of the child’s development, and practical parenting skills. These immediate goals link to our long-term outcomes including improving each child's long-term development, strengthening bonds with caregivers, and increasing parental involvement. To test some of these links, we've carried out small-scale tests in both the US and Mexico. Results show that more progress is seen in children whose parents show more Kinedu use, and there is a significant change in parenting attitudes towards the idea that learning at home in the first years of life matters.</p>
<p>Kinedu has spent a lot of time working on and testing their Theory of Change, which makes it a good example to start with - don't worry if yours is still a draft, or you haven't started developing one!</p>
<p><strong>Additional Reading:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.kinedu.com/" target="_blank">Kinedu - Help your baby learn and grow through play</a></li>
<li><a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/early-childhood-development/solutions/6702/application#solution-subnav-offset" target="[object Object]">Kinedu's Solve Application</a></li>
</ul>
<p><em>Logo Copyright 2013 - Kinedu. All Rights Reserved.</em></p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="805a66873dec41499604c1c3b20039d0-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@problem+block@805a66873dec41499604c1c3b20039d0-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Comprehension: Kinedu&#39;s Theory of Change
</h3>
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<p>Kinedu clearly listed several of their inputs, outputs, and outcomes, and a key study that they did to help validate their approach. We've pulled out a few specific items below - can you label each one as an input, output, or outcome? </p>
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_805a66873dec41499604c1c3b20039d0_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 2" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_805a66873dec41499604c1c3b20039d0_3_1">
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<legend id="805a66873dec41499604c1c3b20039d0_3_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Strengthening bonds between children and parents or other caregivers.</legend>
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</label>
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_805a66873dec41499604c1c3b20039d0_3_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 3" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_805a66873dec41499604c1c3b20039d0_4_1">
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Faircap</h2>
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<p><img style="float: right;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/b68ecfc86cfdf5c36438c029118917c7/asset-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@asset+block/Screen_Shot_2020-02-22_at_5.22.45_PM.png" alt="Faircap Logo" width="250" height="239" />Half of the world's population living in cities cannot drink water straight from the tap due to bad taste, chemicals like chlorine, a turbid interrupted supply or even due to the presence of pathogens. Faircap, a 2019 Solver team in the Healthy Cities Challenge, designs a set of water purification devices that are easy to use, can be portable and are affordable. Devices range from fitting a standard soda bottle to fitting large water canisters, all aimed at urban low-income households.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">We design and develop instant purification devices that do not require additional energy or chemicals to make clean drinking water. Having technology in such a small, personal and easy to use format makes it more easy for people to understand the workings of the technology and build more trust for a long term and continued use, which can end up impacting their health by reducing waterborne diseases. These immediate goals link to our long-term outcomes including reducing the yearly global burden of diarrheal disease of more than 4 billion cases caused by contaminated water and help reduce the consumption of more than 500 billion plastic bottles worldwide. We have piloted Faircap in different settings and with different types of users, from very young and highly educated consumers in Europe and the US to very low-income people in Peru, Kenya and refugees in Lebanon, Syria, and Uganda. In all these pilots the common variable to the adoption of the solution was the intuitive way of using the product since it is similar to drinking water from a bottle or from a tap.</p>
<p><strong>Additional Reading:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://faircap.org/" target="[object Object]">Faircap's Website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/healthy-cities/solutions/9555/application#solution-subnav-offset" target="[object Object]">Faircap's Solve Application</a></li>
</ul>
<p><em>Logo Copyright 2015 - FairCap. All Rights Reserved.</em></p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@problem+block@050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Comprehension: Faircap&#39;s Theory of Change
</h3>
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<p>Faircap clearly listed several of their inputs, outputs, and outcomes, and key studies they did to help validate their product. We've pulled out a few specific items below - can you label each one as an input, output, or outcome? </p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1">
<legend id="050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The adoption and trust of the product and the water that it produces.</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1" id="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1"> Input
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1" id="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1"> Output
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1" id="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1"> Outcome
</label>
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<span id="answer_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1"/>
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 2" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1">
<legend id="050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">A small, personal instant purification device.</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1" id="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1-choice_0-label" for="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1"> Input
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1" id="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1-choice_1-label" for="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1"> Output
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1" id="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1-choice_2-label" for="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1"> Outcome
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_3_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 3" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1">
<legend id="050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The reduction of the yearly global burden of diarrheal disease and the reduction of plastic bottle waste.</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1" id="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1-choice_0-label" for="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1"> Input
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1" id="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1-choice_1-label" for="input_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1"> Output
</label>
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<div class="field">
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</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1"/>
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_050e44d73d7447db80db113200912983_4_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Medicapt</h2>
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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-graded="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@html+block@5a1c97d77b80423b953382b87a1a0461" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="0f2f4b7e040311efb65e02329aca76dd" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021">
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<p><img style="float: right;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/ab5cefc5cc0e7d15dfd20e6d87804d4d/asset-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@asset+block/MediCapt-Logo-FINAL.jpg" alt="MediCapt Logo" width="225" height="225" />MediCapt, a 2018 Solver Team from the NGO Physicians for Human Rights, offers a new way of collecting and preserving sexual violence evidence to inform police investigations and be admitted to courts. Their app allows clinicians to capture forensic evidence of sexual violence and securely transmit it to police and justice officials for investigations or prosecutions. The app converts a standardized medical intake form to a digital platform and combines it with a secure mobile camera to facilitate forensic photography. The app’s data mapping feature helps to reveal patterns or prevalence of violence, including the widespread or systematic nature of offenses critical to demonstrating crimes against humanity.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Clinicians will use the app to compile evidence, photograph survivors’ injuries, and securely transmit the data to authorities prosecuting these crimes. Digitizing these forms minimizes the chances of loss, tampering, or theft of medical evidence, while preserving the chain of custody. When clinicians conduct medical evaluations using MediCapt, survivors obtain comprehensive forensic medical evidence, which increases the likelihood of successful prosecutions. The ultimate beneficiaries of the app are survivors who are empowered with compelling evidence to bring their cases to court and obtain justice. We have trained 30 clinicians in DRC and Kenya to collect forensic evidence of sexual violence on the app. These clinicians each examine approximately 155 survivors/year, amounting to 4,650 survivors/year.</p>
<p><strong>Further Reading:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/frontlines-of-health/solutions/4506/application#solution-subnav-offset" target="_blank">MediCapt's Solve Application</a></li>
<li><a href="https://phr.org/issues/sexual-violence/medicapt-innovation-2/" target="_blank">Overview of MediCapt at Physicans for Human Rights </a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329774-000-medical-app-amasses-evidence-against-war-zone-rapists/" target="_blank">New Scientist - Medical app amasses evidence against war-zone rapists</a></li>
</ul>
<p><em>Logo © Physicians for Human Rights 2020. All rights reserverd.</em></p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@problem+block@56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Comprehension: Medicapt&#39;s Theory of Change
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@problem+block@56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>MediCapt lists inputs, outputs, and outcomes, and key studies they did to help validate their product. We've pulled out a few specific items below - can you label each one as an input, output, or outcome? </p>
<div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1">
<legend id="56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">An app to compile evidence, photograph survivors&#8217; injuries, and securely transmit the data to authorities.</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1" id="input_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1"> Input
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1" id="input_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1"> Output
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1" id="input_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1"> Outcome
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 2" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_3_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_3_1">
<legend id="56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_3_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Comprehensive forensic medical evidence with a proven chain of custody.</legend>
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<div class="field">
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</label>
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<span id="answer_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_3_1"/>
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_3_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 3" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_4_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_4_1">
<legend id="56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_4_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">A greater rate of successful criminal prosecution.</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_4_1" id="input_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_4_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_4_1-choice_0-label" for="input_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_4_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_56edcb2e68474dce83ae67161d204a84_4_1"> Input
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