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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Basic Structure: Impact Opportunity</h2>
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<p>Impact opportunity expresses the potential that a solution has to improve people’s lives. While market opportunity focuses on possible revenue, impact opportunity considers both the possible positive change that a solution can have as well as profit. There are many ways to describe an impact opportunity, since social enterprises can take many forms. Our approach is to ask the four most important questions you'll need to answer in order to refine your understanding of the good you can do.</p>
<ol>
<li><em>What is the problem you want to solve?</em><br />Define a <strong>specific problem </strong>– for example, the ill effects of pollution that harms people or the environment, an unmet need for healthcare, or an inequity in a system that reduces options available to a disadvantaged group of people.</li>
<li><em>How big is the problem?</em><br />Consider the size of the overall problem--a given city or a segment of the population; national, regional, or global scale--then select the<strong> scale </strong>at which you aim to make a difference. Thinking about scale will get you thinking about whom you aim to serve and will shape your business model plans.</li>
<li><em>Why does the problem exist?</em><br />Refine your thinking about the cause of this problem so that you can arrive at your basic explanation of <strong>why the problem exists or persists</strong>.</li>
<li><em>How do we <span style="text-decoration: underline;">know</span> that this is a problem at this scale with these causes?<br /></em>Gather <strong>evidence or statistics</strong> to support the previous three items. Look for any external data you can find--just a few key pieces of evidence--that will help you to back up your statement. It can be qualitative, quantitative, general, or specific.</li>
</ol>
<p>These components can be presented in any way that make sense to you, and they should be linked together. Here's a simple way to start: write one sentence on each of the first three topics (the specific problem, your intended scale, and your explanation of why the problem exists).</p>
<p>Notice that these impact opportunity components do not include specific details about the solution for a problem, such as the key technologies for addressing the problem or a revenue model for a social enterprise.</p>
<p>As you will see, whenever you can use some evidence, you will strengthen the quality of your statement of Impact Opportunity. This evidence need not be comprehensive, and it can blend different types of data.</p>
<p>For this week of the course, we will share examples of Impact Opportunity statements. Some, you will discover, are stronger than others. Looking at these will <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #72728d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><span style="font-size: 1em;">help you learn to write your own.</span></p>
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<p>Throughout our course, we lean heavily on three principles for developing, describing, or evaluating new solutions:</p>
<ol>
<li>Cite evidence to back up any assertions</li>
<li>Understand and check your assumptions</li>
<li>Look at existing people and organizations doing similar work</li>
</ol>
<p>For this week, we'll focus on the first of these: finding and citing good evidence. You might be drawn to work on a problem because you or someone you know has personally encountered it. This could include being directly impacted (e.g. being forced to relocate and losing access to job opportunities or education) or knowing people in your community or organization that are impacted. Personal exposure is a great reason to work on a solution, and, to pitch your idea to others, you'll want to show evidence that the problem affects additional communities or places so that you can build the case for the potential Impact Opportunity from scaling up your work.</p>
<p>You may use evidence in many forms, ranging from simple statistics (<a href="https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/" target="_blank">2.1B people globally lack access to safe drinking water at home</a>) to more complicated linkages (<a href="https://theconversation.com/amp/eliminating-food-deserts-wont-help-poorer-americans-eat-healthier-127295" target="_blank">adding grocery stories in US 'food deserts' does little to help people eat healthier diets</a>). Good evidence helps make the case that the problem you are solving is real and important. Your evidence also should connect to how the solution that you are offering will address the problem. When you read or write about opportunities for impact, you should consider whether evidence has been provided, whether the evidence supports what is being said, and whether that evidence comes from high-quality sources.</p>
<p>A 'high-quality source' could be an academic article or book, a published report from global organizations like United Nations agencies, or an official or academic database. If you see an interesting statistic in a web article, try to find and cite the <em>original</em> source of that statistic rather than the article itself. Many news articles and web posts circulate information that is overly broad or incorrect, such as the (mostly false) claim that '<a href="https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2020/1/27/21080107/fashion-environment-facts-statistics-impact" target="_blank">fashion is the second-most polluting industry on the planet</a>'. Local news reports are typically not preferred sources for evidence to support Impact Opportunity statements. Some articles or reports from reputable publications, coalitions, or trade organizations present high-quality information when they systematically gather their own primary data and describe their methods.</p>
<p>Overall, when seeking evidence to support your Impact Opportunity statement, consider the evidence's relevance, its publication date, and whether the publisher has a history of verifying the quality of their work, such as through peer-review.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Symbrosia</h2>
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<p>Now we will analyze four examples of Impact Opportunity statements from existing organizations. Let's begin with an example from the social enterprise Symbrosia, since they have included a great quantity of evidence and citation in their description.</p>
<p>Symbrosia's Impact Opportunity statement (taken from their <a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/sustainable-food-systems/solutions/31532/application" target="[object Object]">application to Solve</a>) highlights the scope of two challenges: food sustainability and climate change. To address both of these challenges, they have developed a seaweed supplement for livestock feed to reduce methane emissions. While you read their statement, please take note of how they have described these challenges, used evidence with many hyperlinks, and also conveyed a sense of urgency for solving these problems:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">During cows’ digestive process, bacteria in their gut decompose food and produce methane as a by-product. Through this process, called <a href="https://www.ccacoalition.org/en/activity/enteric-fermentation" class="-active">enteric fermentation</a>, cows and other livestock create <a href="https://ccacoalition.org/en/resources/reducing-enteric-methane-improving-food-security-and-livelihoods" class="-active">30% of man-made methane emissions</a>, contributing as much to global warming as the entire European Union.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Despite the proliferation of plant-based meat products, Americans <a href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2018/june/per-capita-red-meat-and-poultry-disappearance-insights-into-its-steady-growth/" class="-active">ate more meat in 2018</a> than ever before. Worldwide, as hundreds of millions of people rise out of poverty, they are consuming more meat, as well. In the United States alone, there are <a href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/home/?cid=nrcs143_014121" class="-active">over 1.3 million livestock farms</a>, and at least <a href="http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/hlpe/hlpe_documents/HLPE_Reports/HLPE-Report-10_EN.pdf" class="-active">1.3 billion people worldwide</a> depend on livestock for their livelihoods. Billions of people around the world rely on the global meat industry, but it is a massive contributor to climate change.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Now, governments are legislating to reduce the environmental footprint of the meat industry. The European Union, multiple states (California, Oregon, Vermont), and New Zealand are implementing or pursuing <a href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=12215945" class="-active">taxes on agricultural methane emissions</a>. However, livestock farmers, who are already <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/28/coronavirus-hits-already-struggling-us-farmers-with-drop-in-prices.html" class="-active">facing price drops</a> caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, have no way to significantly lower their livestock’s methane emissions.</p>
<p>This Impact Opportunity statement is effective in terms of its brevity, since it provides enough information without becoming overly technical. Although it is only 180 words in length, it includes six linked citations that contain helpful and relevant evidence for the reader. They link to both web articles and specific reports from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the <span>Climate and Clean Air Coalition, </span>the United States Department of Agriculture, and the UN Committee on Food Security. Also, an extra link (on enteric fermentation) clarifies a term that would be potential jargon for the audience. Considering this example, when you write an Impact Opportunity statement, consider how you can include high-quality evidence to support your claims.</p>
<p><strong>Additional Reading:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://symbrosia.co/" target="[object Object]">Symbrosia's Website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/sustainable-food-systems/solutions/31532/application" target="[object Object]">Symbrosia's Application to Solve</a></li>
</ul>
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Comprehension: Symbrosia&#39;s Impact Opportunity
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<p>Identify which key aspect of an Impact Opportunity statement that each of the sentences from Symbrosia's description match with:</p>
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<option value="Why the problem persists/exists"> Why the problem persists/exists</option>
<option value="Overall scale of the problem"> Overall scale of the problem</option>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Aravind Eye Care</h2>
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<p style="text-align: right;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/8531017436b082978b7b117e4198b7e4/asset-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@asset+block/AECS_Logo.jpg" alt="Aravind eye care logo" style="float: right;" width="300" height="170" /></p>
<p>Aravind Eye Care System is the largest provider of eye care in the world. Founded in 1976, Aravind is one of the most successful examples of a social business that responded to a clear Impact Opportunity - many people in India going blind because of preventable reasons – and has now made an impact on millions of people at scale.</p>
<p>Let's take a look at a brief version of their Impact Opportunity for today's world, written by course staff:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">According to the <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment" target="[object Object]">WHO</a>, 1 billion people globally are vision impaired or blind, including 65M from cataracts. India has a quarter of the world's blind people, and 4M people per year lose vision due to cataracts. Surgery to fix cataracts is simple, but unaffordable or inaccessible for most people. Finding a way to increase access to cataract <span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">surgery</span> can improve quality of life and self-sufficiency for millions of people.</p>
<p>This description is short, but provides a clear statement of a problem that matters, a sense of scale for India, why the problem persists, and a few key statistics for reference. Not all Impact Opportunity statements are this straightforward!</p>
<p><strong>Additional Reading:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.forbes.com/global/2010/0315/companies-india-madurai-blindness-nam-familys-vision.html#4a436c375c7e" target="_blank">Aravind Eye Care's Vision for India - Forbes Magazine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://aravind.org/our-story/" target="[object Object]">aravind.org - Our Story</a></li>
</ul>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><em>Logo © 2020 Aravind Eye Care System. All rights reserved.</em></p>
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Comprehension: Aravind&#39;s Impact Opportunity
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<p>Label each of the following statements with which component of Impact Opportunity it represents:</p>
<p>"Many people go blind every year from preventable causes" </p>
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<p>"India has a quarter of the world's blind, and 4 million new cases each year" </p>
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<p>"Cataract surgery is too expensive or not locally available for many people" </p>
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<p> </p>
<p>"According to the WHO, 1 billion people have preventable vision impairment" </p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">CityTaps</h2>
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<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-02b44a3c-7fff-8b23-a8ac-6b424e55a7ab" style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/4c7bf0eb3d3691e7e3480f81e748d291/asset-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@asset+block/city-taps.jpg" alt="" style="float: right;" width="300" height="132" /></span></span></p>
<p>CityTaps is a 2017 Solver team that installs and operates smart water meters to enable running water in urban homes, even in low-income communities that can have trouble paying for consistent service. By combining sensors, mobile money, and small payment options, they can reduce three costs on the urban poor without easy access to running water - in time, in money, and in health.</p>
<p>Let's examine how CityTaps describes the problem and why it persists, along with evidence that demonstrates the scale of the problem:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Up to 1B urban people around the world lack access to running water in their homes (WHO), and procuring water has significant costs. Even where infrastructure is available, many people cannot pay monthly bills or connection costs due to their irregular incomes. Women and girls are most affected, spending over 200 million hours fetching water every day, and 443 million school days are lost due to illness. With substitutes up to 15 times more expensive, in-home access to water can save money, time, and health for millions of people.</p>
<p>CityTaps' initial installations are in Niamey, Niger, but the scale of their problem shows that there is a huge potential impact available. Because they can sell the water meters or service to water utilities, this also represents a large market opportunity.</p>
<p><strong>Additional Reading:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.citytaps.org/" target="[object Object]">CityTaps.org - Running Water in Every Home</a></li>
<li><a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/sustainable-urban-communities/solutions/1399" target="_blank">CityTaps' Solve Application</a></li>
</ul>
<p><em>Logo (c) CityTaps. All rights reserved.</em></p>
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Comprehension: CityTaps&#39; Impact Opportunity
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>CityTaps is working on providing running water in every urban home. They provide several statistics in the Impact Opportunity paragraph above. Label each statistic with which aspect of Impact Opportunity it supports.</p>
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<legend id="f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">"1 billion urban people around the world lack access to running water in their homes"</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_2_1" id="input_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_2_1"> Overall scale of the problem
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<span id="answer_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_2_1"/>
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<fieldset aria-describedby="status_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_3_1">
<legend id="f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_3_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">"Women and girls spend 200 million hours fetching water every day"</legend>
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<span id="answer_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_3_1"/>
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_3_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
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<fieldset aria-describedby="status_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_4_1">
<legend id="f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_4_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">"443 million school days are lost to illness"</legend>
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<span id="answer_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_4_1"/>
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<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_4_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 4" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_5_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_5_1">
<legend id="f6536d685de14f3e8ec9554586e57d7c_5_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">"Other sources of water are up to 15 times more expensive than in-home supplies"</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">OneSky Caregiver Training</h2>
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<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/c78d8547d5613efa05716f3b81f7bfd6/asset-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@asset+block/OneSkyCaregiverTraining_Logo.jpeg" alt="OneSky Logo" style="float: right; padding: 10px;" width="249" height="134" />OneSky Caregiver Training is a nonprofit selected as a 2019 Solver team in the Early Childhood Development Challenge. They provide training and professional childcare for workers in factory settings. They work with government officials, trade associations, and women’s groups to ensure that OneSky consistently meets local needs. Their work thus creates jobs and careers for its adult participants, and they help children prepare for academic success—breaking familial cycles of poverty.</p>
<p>Here is a version of their Impact Opportunity statement, written by Solve staff:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">When workers migrate to find industrial jobs, they leave behind their families and social support networks, which particularly impacts their childcare. Residency status may limit access to public services in a new place. Urban caregivers also often lack training and resources to safely and effectively educate their young students, who then miss crucial early-learning opportunities. Just within industrial parks in Vietnam, up to 1.2 million children of factory workers may lack quality educational opportunities. </p>
<p>This Impact Opportunity statement focuses more on people and missing services, rather than the quantitative focus of Aravind and CityTaps. This shows a direct human impact while still containing the key components: a specific problem – lack of childcare for migrant factory workers – why it persists – lack of access and lack of training – and the overall scale – at least 1.2 million children.</p>
<p><strong>Additional Reading:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://onesky.org" target="_blank">OneSky.org - Unlocking the potential of our world’s vulnerable children</a></li>
<li><a href="https://qz.com/1730206/a-charity-wants-to-give-vietnams-factory-workers-good-childcare/" target="_blank">Quartz - A charity wants to give Vietnam's factory workers good childcare</a></li>
<li><a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/early-childhood-development/solutions/9329/application#solution-subnav-offset" target="_blank">OneSky's Solve Application </a></li>
</ul>
<p><em>Logo Copyright © 1998-2016, Half the Sky Foundation dba OneSky. All rights reserved.</em></p>
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Comprehension: OneSky&#39;s Impact Opportunity
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>OneSky's Impact Opportunity as written above makes good arguments that make sense, and the overall description could be stronger if we could provide external sources to support. </p>
<p>Which piece of evidence do you think would provide the best support for the following statement?</p>
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<legend id="db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Urban caregivers also often lack training and resources to safely and effectively educate their young students.</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1" id="input_db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1"> UNESCO (2004): There are nearly 150,000 early childhood educators in Vietnam.
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<input type="radio" name="input_db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1" id="input_db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1"> UNESCO (2004): 37% of early childhood educators in Vietnam have little or no training.
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<input type="radio" name="input_db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1" id="input_db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_db7f3bb502d54059a4b7903dbebb1300_2_1"> Vietnam Ministry of Education (2012): There is a shortage of 27,500 trained pre-school teachers in Vietnam.
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