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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Working with Theory of Change</h2>
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<p>Organizations can have Theories of Change that look quite different from one another, even when they use similar activities or have similar goals. In a previous week on Impact Opportunity, we focused on components that were weak or missing in statements. This week, to help you explore the ideas behind Theory of Change, we will present a few examples that are more complex because of their goals. Each time, we'll use the standard format to help understand them. When you start to develop your own Theory of Change, you can use the same format to answer a few key questions about your work:</p>
<ol>
<li>Can I clearly describe what I <em>do</em> (activities or inputs)?</li>
<li>Do I have long-term <em>goals</em> (outcomes) and short-term <em>effects</em> (outputs)?</li>
<li>Are those inputs, outputs, and outcomes clearly linked, and are those links well-described?</li>
<li>Do I have any evidence that those links really work?</li>
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<p>When we previously looked at Impact Opportunity and Customer Discovery, we talked about the need to find good evidence. An effective Theory of Change also needs evidence to back up assertions, so you can practice looking for and evaluating sources here, too. In addition, let's discuss one more skill: identifying and evaluating your assumptions.</p>
<p>Assumptions are simply the beliefs you have about your program or venture: the people involved, the technology, the context, and how they are linked. When working on a problem or solution, you become deeply familiar with what you are working on. You can easily end up assuming that your planning makes sense to others – and that it will work. Successful entrepreneurs build a habit of constantly noticing what assumptions they make. You should be particularly cautious about assuming that doing one thing will cause another thing to happen.</p>
<p>Once you are better at noticing your own assumptions, you can write them down, discuss them, and test them. Depending on the evidence you find, you will either validate your choice or change your approach – both of which lead to a more successful solution. Discovering that you are off-track can trigger insights and spark new ideas, and for many entrepreneurs this is what leads to innovation.</p>
<p>Our Impact Opportunity and Customer Discovery evidence was mostly from external sources, and those may not always be available for assumptions in a Theory of Change. Consider three cases:</p>
<ol>
<li>You might find an existing study that looked at achieving a similar goal (or Outcome), and tracked whether a specific indicator was connected to that outcome. These are ideal, but uncommon – if you find one, you should definitely cite it.</li>
<li>You might have some early results, perhaps from product sales or surveys of your beneficiaries. This can be key data for demonstrating your work - just be sure to talk about how you collected that information, and work to improve what you know over time. </li>
<li>Finally, perhaps you're just starting to test your solution, and you are working with a new approach. In that case, you should at least mention how you plan to measure your work. This means that you should include a few key indicators – and perhaps existing research on why those indicators are representative.</li>
</ol>
<p>As we go through these components and examples to create a Theory of Change, look out for the assumptions that you make. Think about how you can measure or prove that connections between your work and the outputs and outcomes you are aiming for will actually hold true. Sometimes you can validate the linkages in your Theory of Change with evidence from your Customer Discovery process, so there can be useful overlap among the concepts that you’ve explored so far in the course.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">teleStory</h2>
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<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/812b1ea0242068621941432bb4dfff5d/asset-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@asset+block/teleStory_Logo.png" alt="teleStory logo" style="float: right; padding: 10px;" width="250" height="250" />teleStory was a finalist in Solve's 2019 Early Childhood Development Challenge that helps illiterate parents read to their children. They started by working with parents in Mumbai, India. Let's have a look at their Theory of Change (taken from their Solve application):</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">teleStory works by creating pre-recorded audio lessons that match to story books delivered through our library system. The audio lessons feed the words of the story to the parent, whom can then repeat the words to the child. To generate interaction between parent and child, we program in fun games and quizzes to help track the students’ progress.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">The Theory of change is around building connection and vocabulary for parents and child by learning to read together. A world-famous study by researchers Betty Hart and Todd Risley (1995) found that some children heard thirty million fewer words by their 4th birthdays than others. Studies have repeatedly shown that reading aloud to children is the best way to develop the necessary skills for future literacy. Sharing bedtime stories works wonders for expanding vocabulary, inspiring creativity and curiosity whilst building logic and many more skills.</p>
<p>This Theory of Change has many of the components we've identified - a few inputs based on what the solution does, and some immediate outcomes. They also cite one particular study and mention that many others exist. Finally, they mention a larger scale goal – future literacy – but the links between their work and that goal might have to be inferred by the reader. </p>
<p><strong>Additional Reading:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/early-childhood-development/solutions/7009" target="_blank">teleStory's Solve Application</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.telestory.in/" target="_blank">teleStory.in Website</a></li>
</ul>
<p><em>Logo (c) Telestory. All rights reserved.</em></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Renewal Workshop</h2>
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<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/57ae18e7190930494d8e7223f21d424d/asset-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@asset+block/Creating_Circular_solutions_Logo.png" alt="Renewal Workshop Logo" style="float: right; padding: 10px;" width="251" height="98" />The Renewal Workshop was a 2019 Solver team in the Circular Economy Challenge. They take in thrown away or excess clothing from major brands, sort and repair it when possible, and make it available for resale. They are focused on changing how the fashion industry as a system deals with waste - a big and complex outcome! Here's the Theory of Change from their Solve application:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">At our inception, The Renewal Workshop identified the root cause of the consumption problem in the apparel and textile industry, and built a solution to not only address that root cause, but to build the framework for change to occur.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">In order for an apparel business to change their business model they need to have a reason to change. The Renewal Workshop began by building a factory that took in apparel waste from brands, then built the system and processes to renew the product, and created a sales platform to sell Renewed apparel - showing brands the value that remained in the items they were previously throwing away.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Once a small group of sustainability minded brands became partners, we were able to demonstrate not only a customer market, but a business case for a new business model for these brands. The new business model simultaneously showed an environmental savings along with a financial revenue stream. That business case then sparked further momentum for large companies who have been more traditional in their business strategy to take a look at becoming Circular. This has sparked the swell of companies adopting Circular Strategies, and allocating staff and resources towards developing out the new business models.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">The Renewal Workshop remains to be the only provider of circular expertise with operations. We see this positioning as our strength to catalyze further links into creating a systemic change in our industry.</p>
<p>Unlike many of the other examples, this one is aiming to affect businesses and an overall market, rather than specific people or communities. That can make a Theory of Change a little harder to interpret, plus the fact that this is told from the perspective of one company trying a new approach. However, we can still apply the same framework to help understand this text.</p>
<p><strong>Additional Reading:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://renewalworkshop.com/" target="[object Object]">The Renewal Workshop's Website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/circular-economy/solutions/6509" target="[object Object]">The Renewal Workshop's Solve Application</a></li>
</ul>
<p><em>Logo © 2020 RENEWAL WORKSHOP. All rights reserved.</em></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">FreeFrom</h2>
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<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/887dd5badcd038fea341096d1e5b1fbd/asset-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@asset+block/FreeFrom_logo.jpg" alt="FreeFrom logo" style="float: right;" width="250" height="147" />FreeFrom provides legal, financial, and peer support to help survivors of intimate partner violence recover and thrive. They were a Finalist in Solve's 2019 Community-Driven Innovation Challenge. Let's look at what they do and their Theory of Change (adapted from their <a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/community-driven-innovation/solutions/9953" target="[object Object]">application</a>):</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">FreeFrom uses technology in 3 ways to support survivors’ economic growth and civic participation: </p>
<ol style="padding-left: 30px;">
<li>Our self-help compensation tool is an online, mobile-ready service that helps survivors to determine what avenues to compensation they have.</li>
<li>Our social enterprise, <a href="https://giftedbyfreefrom.org" class="-active">Gifted by FreeFrom</a>, is an online store using technology to connect survivor-owned businesses to a global marketplace with two goals: (1) to foster survivor wealth; and (2) to create a model of what flexible and inclusive work could look like for survivors.</li>
<li>Our Survivor Wealth and Wellness train the trainer program uses a custom online education platform</li>
<li>Our peer-to-peer financial support groups for survivors create spaces for community driven financial well-being</li>
</ol>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">If survivors can afford to get out of an abusive situation, stay out, rebuild their lives and heal, then they can participate actively in our economy and society. However, the barriers to them being able to do this are so significant – survivors are typically burdened with six figures in debt, no source of income, no savings and poor credit. Through our multi-pronged approach, we have already seen success in survivors getting compensation to cover the costs of the harm done to them, building income to support their long-term safety, repairing their credit and being able to successfully rent an apartment as a result, and contributing to their community as a result of the stability they have been able to create for themselves.</p>
<p>There are a lot of activities here, and some clear work on scoping the problem to design a context-specific response. Let's split this apart using the ToC framework to better understand their work.</p>
<p><strong>Addition Reading:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.freefrom.org/about" target="[object Object]">FreeFrom's Website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/community-driven-innovation/solutions/9953" target="[object Object]">FreeFrom's Solve Application</a> </li>
</ul>
<p><em>Logo (c) FreeFrom. All Rights Reserved.</em></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Navajo Ethno-Agriculture</h2>
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<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/fbe8cb4e489b3ade0f685162dee9672c/asset-v1:MITx+0.SolveX+2T2021+type@asset+block/NavajoEthnoAgriculture-FINAL-small.png" alt="Navajo Ethno-Agriculture Logo" style="float: right; padding: 10px;" width="250" height="129" />Navajo Ethno-Agriculture is a non-profit based on the Navajo Nation in the southwestern US. They use water quality monitoring combined with community outreach to rebuild trust in the quality of irrigation water and the safety of Navajo-produced food following river contamination during the Gold King Mine spill in 2015. The project was selected as one of Solve's Indigenous Communities Fellows in 2019. Here's an overview of their work and their Theory of Change, drawn from their Solve application:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Since the Gold King Mine spill, it has been challenging to address the impacts of the spill, particularly to the agriculture industry. For the Navajo people, is have been especially difficult to restore the confidence in Navajo producers and consumers. This is the problem our organization is committed to solving. As producers, we experience first-hand, the concerns and negativity our customers communicate. We want to change these doubtful concerns and attitudes back to an appreciative and positive relationship with our traditional crops.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">We are proposing a campaign project of sorts that will re-assure Navajo farmers and consumers that the quality of our water source for our crop irrigation has been at pre-spill levels since early 2016. This will be done by conducting water tests, gathering data from pre-spill, providing data and translating the data to layman terms so that it is user friendly to farmers and consumers. This will help our community immensely, because to date, there has not been follow through with the many government organizations and academic institutions that conducted water quality tests when the spill initially occurred. No Navajo-led organization has specifically addressed and carried out tangible hard evidence directly to Navajo farmers and consumers. Being a Navajo organization that works directly with students, the farming community, ranchers, and higher education, we have the potential to have a positive impact on Navajo agriculture by boosting producer/consumer confidence, thereby increasing farming activity, which helps sustain our traditional foods and culture, and last but not least restore our immediate food economy.</p>
<p><strong>Further reading:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://navajofarming.org/" target="_blank">Navajo Ethno-Agriculture Website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/2019-indigenous-communities-fellowship/solutions/6188#solution-subnav-offset" target="_blank">Navajo Ethno-Agriculture's Solve Profile & Application</a></li>
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