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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">3.1.4. Notes & Additional Material</h2>
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<p><a href="/assets/courseware/v1/4cee391ee6b969db3e6beb82887a5c65/asset-v1:MITx+22.011x+3T2018+type@asset+block/Unit_3.1.4_required_pdf_lecture_notes__vf.pdf" target="[object Object]">Lecture 3.1.4. [Plasma Physics and Fusion] - Required Lecture Notes</a></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">3.1.4. Required Assessment</h2>
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Assessment 1
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<legend id="2152628f6b81431490085adf8fd1ea29_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Choose the most energetically favorable fusion reaction, and thus the reaction of choice for building a fusion reactor, from the list below.</legend>
<p class="question-description" id="description_2152628f6b81431490085adf8fd1ea29_1_1">Select only one option.</p>
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<input type="radio" name="input_2152628f6b81431490085adf8fd1ea29_2_1" id="input_2152628f6b81431490085adf8fd1ea29_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="2152628f6b81431490085adf8fd1ea29_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_2152628f6b81431490085adf8fd1ea29_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2152628f6b81431490085adf8fd1ea29_2_1 description_2152628f6b81431490085adf8fd1ea29_1_1"> Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, is combined with deuterium in a fusion reaction, \(D-D\)
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Assessment 2
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<input type="radio" name="input_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1" id="input_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1 description_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_1_1"> Positively charged nuclei must have enormous amounts of energy to overcome Coulomb repulsion and fuse
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<input type="radio" name="input_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1" id="input_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1 description_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_1_1"> Fusion can only happen in stars, and only with hydrogen fuel
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<input type="radio" name="input_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1" id="input_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_2_1 description_b588960e7c4b45f8aee5e09b837f66d3_1_1"> We don't yet understand the basic nuclear physics of fusion
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<input type="radio" name="input_dc8170b6cbd243d793d83c88a6395124_2_1" id="input_dc8170b6cbd243d793d83c88a6395124_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="dc8170b6cbd243d793d83c88a6395124_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_dc8170b6cbd243d793d83c88a6395124_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_dc8170b6cbd243d793d83c88a6395124_2_1 description_dc8170b6cbd243d793d83c88a6395124_1_1"> A partially or fully ionized gas made up of ions, electrons and neutral particles that exhibits collective effects
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Assessment 4
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<input type="radio" name="input_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1" id="input_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1 description_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_1_1"> The nucleus of an atom acquires an additional neutron, making it unstable
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<input type="radio" name="input_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1" id="input_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1 description_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_1_1"> Two charged particles combine to produce a neutral atom
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<input type="radio" name="input_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1" id="input_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_2_1 description_048f6c1918dd495db6dc460589d16313_1_1"> An electron is stripped away from neutral atom leaving a positively charged ion
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<legend id="f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The condition for \(D-T\) fusion plasma to be self-sustaining is called the Lawson Criterion, the product of the plasma density, temperature and confinement time. The criterion is described by what mathematical expression?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_2_1" id="input_f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_2_1 description_f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_1_1"> \(nT\tau \lt 3 \times 10^{21} \ keV \times s \times m^{-3}\)
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<input type="radio" name="input_f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_2_1" id="input_f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_2_1 description_f4df84770e5649f782c742bca9cce725_1_1"> \(nT\tau &gt; 3 \times 10^{15} \ keV \times s \times m^{-3}\)
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Assessment 6
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<legend id="1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following statements are true?.</legend>
<p class="question-description" id="description_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_1_1">Select all that apply.</p>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1[]" id="input_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1 description_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_1_1"> A \(D-T\) fusion plasma that could produce more power out than power in would have a density of around \(n=10^{20}\ m^{-3}\), temperature of around \(15 \ keV\), and confinement time of a few seconds
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1[]" id="input_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1 description_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_1_1"> A \(D-T\) fusion plasma must be made inside of a vacuum vessel
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1[]" id="input_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1 description_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_1_1"> The \(D-T\) fusion reaction has a high cross-section at room temperature, so a fusion plasma only needs to be a few hundred \(eV\) in temperature to make more power out than power in
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1[]" id="input_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_2_1 description_1316d300bb5c43138f43a494b03e8ee5_1_1"> A \(D-T\) fusion plasma that produces more power out than power in has already been demonstrated
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Assessment 7
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1 description_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_1_1">
<legend id="b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">How is electricity generated using a \(D-T\) fusion plasma?</legend>
<p class="question-description" id="description_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_1_1">Select only one option.</p>
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<input type="radio" name="input_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1" id="input_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1 description_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_1_1"> The alpha particle (helium nucleus) produced by the \(D-T\) fusion reaction will be captured to make electricity by a standard heat exchange process
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<input type="radio" name="input_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1" id="input_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1 description_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_1_1"> The energetic neutrons created by the \(D-T\) fusion reactions will leave the plasma (because they have no charge) and will heat up a blanket, and the heat can be used to generate electricity
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<input type="radio" name="input_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1" id="input_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_2_1 description_b7c4ecd1cd9e4011a0b3286cb0845dae_1_1"> The extremely hot plasma is radiating a lot of heat in the form of x-rays, and that x-ray power is converted into electricity
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