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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">3.1.1. Notes & Additional Material</h2>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b>Nuclear Fusion </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">is </span>a physical process that combines light nuclei to make heavier nuclei. It is the process that powers every star, including the nearest one, our sun. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fusion nuclear reactions are happening all the time, all over the universe.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fusion energy research </b>is a branch of science and engineering dedicated to harnessing fusion reactions for the benefit of mankind. The goal of fusion energy research <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">is to build a fusion power station to make clean electricity from energy released in fusion reactions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b>What are the advantages of fusion energy?</b></p>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Abundant, high energy density fuel (D + Li)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; text-indent: -0.25in;">No greenhouse gases (nor NO</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.25in;">X</sub><span style="font-size: 1em; text-indent: -0.25in;">, SO</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.25in;">X</sub><span style="font-size: 1em; text-indent: -0.25in;">, particulate emission)</span></li>
<li>Safe – no chain reaction, ~1 sec worth of fuel in device at any one time</li>
<li>Minimal “afterheat”, no nuclear meltdown possible</li>
<li>Residual radioactivity small; products immobile and short-lived</li>
<li>Minimal proliferation risks</li>
<li>Minimal land and water use</li>
<li>No seasonal, diurnal or regional variation – no energy storage issue</li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b>What are the drawbacks to fusion energy?</b></p>
<ul>
<ul>
<li>Very challenging physics and engineering involved in confining a very hot 100 million degree Celsius plasma in steady state with high fusion performance. There are grand technical challenges that fusion researchers around the world are focused on solving.</li>
<li>Have not yet demonstrated “break even”, which would mean that more energy comes out than was put in. The best fusion devices called tokamaks have gotten 65% of the way there. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: 1em; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">A net-energy tokamak would produce more fusion power than the power that was put in to heat the plasma up to these enormous temperatures.</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b>Why have researchers been working on fusion energy research for so long, on a quest for what many call “the perfect energy source”?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">It is because of the enormous promise of fusion! Harnessing fusion reactions on earth would provide an extremely clean, safe, and nearly unlimited source of energy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b>Are there viable, near-term paths to building net-energy fusion systems?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Yes. This course will introduce the scientific foundations of these paths, focusing on the fusion device called a tokamak. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tokamak concept relies on strong magnetic fields to confine a 100 million degree Celsius plasma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tokamak concept has demonstrated the best fusion performance to date compared to all other concepts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>New advances in technology promise to open up opportunities to accelerate the path to fusion. A fusion power plant may be closer than people think.</span></p>
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<p><strong>Use the following links to download this lecture's notes:</strong></p>
<p><a href="/assets/courseware/v1/70f356b28f6b970412097fdb041c18ee/asset-v1:MITx+22.011x+3T2018+type@asset+block/Unit_3.1.1_required_pdf_lecture_notes__vf.pdf" target="[object Object]">Lecture 3.1.1. [Introduction to Fusion Energy Research] - Required Lecture Notes</a></p>
<p><a href="/assets/courseware/v1/bf26972f2953ff4e393e82e746d02ace/asset-v1:MITx+22.011x+3T2018+type@asset+block/Unit_3.1.1_optional_pdf_lecture_notes_vf.pdf" target="[object Object]">Lecture 3.1.1. [Introduction to Fusion Energy Research] - Optional Lecture Notes</a></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">3.1.1. Required Assessment</h2>
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Assessment 1
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<fieldset aria-describedby="status_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1 description_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_1_1">
<legend id="89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following are correct statements about nuclear fusion?</legend>
<p class="question-description" id="description_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_1_1">Choose all that apply </p>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1[]" id="input_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1 description_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_1_1"> Nuclear fusion is a physical process that combines light nuclei to make heavier nuclei, releasing energy in the process
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1[]" id="input_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1 description_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_1_1"> Nuclear fusion is the process that powers the sun, where hydrogen is combined to make helium
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1[]" id="input_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1 description_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_1_1"> There are only two fusion reactions possible
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1[]" id="input_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_2_1 description_89cafe9a3b4e4ae592da5179faf9b9c3_1_1"> Fusion is the same process as fission
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Assessment 2
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<legend id="8029e7e31a704f2585368dd0d0c5154f_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Scientists have been studying how to harness fusion energy on earth for decades. What is a primary goal of fusion energy research?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_8029e7e31a704f2585368dd0d0c5154f_2_1" id="input_8029e7e31a704f2585368dd0d0c5154f_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="8029e7e31a704f2585368dd0d0c5154f_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_8029e7e31a704f2585368dd0d0c5154f_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_8029e7e31a704f2585368dd0d0c5154f_2_1 description_8029e7e31a704f2585368dd0d0c5154f_1_1"> To build fusion power plants that would provide a clean, safe and virtually unlimited source of energy
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Assessment 3
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<legend id="38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following statements are true?</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1[]" id="input_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1 description_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_1_1"> The binding energy curve shows that heavier elements undergo fission most easily and lighter elements can undergo fusion
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1[]" id="input_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1 description_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_1_1"> Iron (Fe) has the maximum binding energy per nucleon
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1[]" id="input_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1 description_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_1_1"> Light elements like hydrogen, helium, lithium are most likely to undergo fission processes
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1[]" id="input_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_2_1 description_38d01d6363ac4fd2af94d8e8f39dffd0_1_1"> The most important fusion reaction for building power stations on earth would be the reaction between deuterium and tritium, isotopes of hydrogen
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Assessment 4
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<legend id="e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Choose a correct definition of 'isotopes' from the options below.</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_2_1" id="input_e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_2_1 description_e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_1_1"> Nuclei of atoms that have been stripped of the bound electrons
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<input type="radio" name="input_e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_2_1" id="input_e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_2_1 description_e3c924df880e4a9f820daf9c8b371520_1_1"> Atoms with the same number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, but with different numbers of electrons bound to the nucleus
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Assessment 5
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<legend id="6ad5d1c1566748ceaafa3dea2abb99cf_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The energy released in a fusion reaction can be calculated using what formula?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_6ad5d1c1566748ceaafa3dea2abb99cf_2_1" id="input_6ad5d1c1566748ceaafa3dea2abb99cf_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="6ad5d1c1566748ceaafa3dea2abb99cf_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_6ad5d1c1566748ceaafa3dea2abb99cf_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6ad5d1c1566748ceaafa3dea2abb99cf_2_1 description_6ad5d1c1566748ceaafa3dea2abb99cf_1_1"> \(F=(q_1 q_2)/(4\pi e_0r^2)\)
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