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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">1.3.1 Practice Space: Assessing Students' Baseline Skills</h2>
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<p>Welcome to your first practice space: <i>Assessing Students’ Baseline Skills</i>. In this simulation, you’ll have a chance to see student responses to civic online reasoning assessments. You’ll reason about student work and brainstorm how you might help the students improve their civic online reasoning skills.</p>
<p>These student responses represent student thinking that is typical before students learn civic online reasoning skills. At the end of the course, you’ll repeat this exercise and see how student responses can evolve over time. It will also give you a chance to see how your own understanding and skills have developed during this course.</p>
<p><em>Assessing Students’ Baseline Skills</em> was built using an application called TeacherMoments. TeacherMoments is a web platform for digital teaching simulations.</p>
<p>Once you begin the practice space, you should select "Continue Anonymously" and accept the suggested username. As long as you do not log out of TeacherMoments, you will be able to refer back to previous responses as you proceed through the course. </p>
<p>Once you are ready, follow the prompts and respond as best you can! </p>
<p><a href="https://teachermoments.mit.edu/run/208/slide/0?instance_id=cor_mooc&user_id=%%USER_ID%%&instance_id=cor_oll" target="_blank"><button type="submit"><strong>Click here to start</strong></button></a></p>
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<p>If you have any trouble, scroll down to the TeacherMoments Tutorial for instructions on how to use TeacherMoments.</p>
<p>Below we list a few troubleshooting tips. </p>
<h3>Troubleshooting TeacherMoments</h3>
<p style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 1em;">If you have any trouble with TeacherMoments, try the following:</span></p>
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<li>Refresh your browser and try again</li>
<li>Hard refresh your browser and try again (<a href="https://www.getfilecloud.com/blog/2015/03/tech-tip-how-to-do-hard-refresh-in-browsers/#.XnjXOtNKhp8" target="_blank">Instructions on how to do hard refresh</a>) </li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">1.3.2 Debrief Overview: Assessing Students’ Baseline Skills</h2>
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<p>Now that you’ve completed the <i>Assessing Students’ Baseline Skills </i>practice space, we wanted to share what the Stanford History Education Group found when they gave students these tasks.</p>
<p>From June 2018 to May 2019, SHEG gave these tasks to 3,466 students, a national sample that matches the demographic profile of high school students in the United States. SHEG graded their responses using a rubric to score students' ability to correctly evaluate the evidence provided in the exercise. </p>
<p>The results were troubling: <b>Over 90% of students received no credit for the Carbon Dioxide Science and Website Comparison tasks, and more than 75% received no credit on the Voter Fraud Task. </b></p>
<p>In general, SHEG found that students consistently made the following errors:</p>
<ul>
<li>Students did not research the group running the CO2 Science website. If they had, they would have learned it was a climate change denial organization funded by fossil fuel companies.</li>
<li>Students chose the article on the Duke University webpage over the Wikipedia article because they (1) believed a “.edu” domain automatically confers reliability and (2) believed Wikipedia is never reliable as a research tool.</li>
<li>Students took the Voter Fraud video at face value and did not consider whether it was a credible source or whether the video was actually depicting Democrats committing voter fraud. </li>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; background-color: #ffffff; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 7pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Percent Responses at Each Score Level by Task</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scored Response</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carbon Dioxide Science</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; white-space: pre-wrap;">Website Comparison</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Voter Fraud</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">96.8%</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">92.1%</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">77.4%</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.4%</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6.7%</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13.9%</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.8%</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.2%</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.7%</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Total </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(N)</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2,994</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2,678</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3,119</span></p>
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<p>Over the next three pages, we will go deeper into these tasks and explain where students struggled to sort truth from fiction, highlighting the practices of the small fraction of students who evaluated these sources successfully. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; background-color: #ffffff; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 7pt;">To learn more about SHEG’s research on student evaluations of web content, read <a href="https://purl.stanford.edu/gf151tb4868" target="_blank">Students’ Civic Online Reasoning: A National Portrait</a>. We provide more research, readings, and resources at the end of this unit.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">1.3.3 Debrief Task 1: CO2 Science and Identifying Sources</h2>
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<p><strong>This task assessed whether students can identify who's behind a website and reason about how the site’s sponsor affects its trustworthiness. </strong></p>
<p>Although all students in the study had access to the internet while doing the task, very few students did enough research to discover that co2science.org is run by the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, <strong>a climate change denial organization funded by fossil fuel companies, including ExxonMobil.</strong> The Center also has strong ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council, an organization that opposes legislative efforts to limit fossil fuel use. </p>
<p><strong>Nearly ninety-seven percent of students</strong> <strong>did not consider why ties between a climate change website and the fossil fuel industry might lessen that website’s credibility. </strong></p>
<p>Instead of investigating who was behind the site, students focused on superficial markers of credibility: the site’s aesthetics, its top-level domain, or how it portrayed itself on the About page. Here are samples of student responses:</p>
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<li>“Not a good website to look up evidence because it looks like it’s cheap.”</li>
<li>“This page is a reliable source to obtain information from. You see in the URL that it ends in .org as opposed to .com.” </li>
<li>“The ‘about us’ tab does show that the organization is a non-profit dedicated to simply providing the research and stating what it may represent. In their position paper on CO2 , they provide evidence for both sides and state matters in a scientific manner. Therefore, I would say they are an unbiased and reliable source.” </li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">1.3.4 Debrief Task 2: Gun Politics and Understanding Wikipedia</h2>
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<p><b>This task gauged how students reason about top-level domains (.edu, .com, etc.) and Wikipedia. </b></p>
<p>Students were asked to choose whether a Wikipedia entry on “Gun Politics in the U.S.” or a National Rifle Association (NRA) article, “Ten Myths about Gun Control,” posted on a personal page on Duke University’s website was a better place to start their research.</p>
<p><strong>Most students said that they would start with the NRA article because it carries a .edu designation from a prestigious university.</strong> <strong>Wikipedia, on the other hand, was considered categorically unreliable.</strong> As one student succinctly summed it up: “Wikipedia is never that reliable for research!!!”</p>
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<p>Why are students so distrustful of Wikipedia? The most common explanation students provided was that anyone can edit a Wikipedia page. One student explained, “I would not start my research with the Wikipedia page because anyone can edit Wikipedia even if they have absolutely no credibility, so much of the information could be inaccurate.” </p>
<p>Another simply noted, “Anyone can edit information on Wikipedia.” While these students had learned that Wikipedia is open-sourced, they had not learned how Wikipedia regulates and monitors its content, from locking pages on many contentious issues to deploying bots to quickly correct vandalized pages.</p>
<p>Furthermore, these students had not learned that many Wikipedia pages include links to a range of sources that can serve as useful jumping off points for more in-depth research<strong>.</strong> In fact, for this task, Wikipedia was a far better place to learn about many sides of the gun control debate than an NRA broadside. Unfortunately, inflexible opposition to Wikipedia and an unfounded faith in .edu URLs led students astray.</p>
<p><strong>Rather than teaching students to never use Wikipedia, we should teach them how to use it wisely.</strong> In the following video, we break down the basics of how.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">1.3.5 Debrief Task 3: Voter Fraud and the Power of Video</h2>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>In this task, students are asked whether a doctored video posted on Facebook provides strong evidence for a political claim. Rather than take the video at face value, students should interrogate where it came from and who posted it. </strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Over half of the students in the SHEG research sample (52%) were fooled by the video.</strong> These students concluded that the video provided “strong evidence” of voter fraud in Democratic primary elections. A student from a rural district in Ohio took the video at face value: “Yes, it shows video evidence of fraud in multiple different states at multiple different times.”</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>A quarter of the students rejected the video but could not provide a relevant reason. </strong>Students focused on irrelevant features such as the lack of audio, the video’s grainy quality, or insufficient narration from “I on Flicks” about what was happening. Others accepted the veracity of the clips but rejected the video because there were too few examples. One student from suburban Oklahoma wrote, “The video only shows a few specific instances, and is not enough to blame the whole Democratic party of voter fraud.” </p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Only 8.7% of students rejected the video and provided a relevant explanation. </strong>These students wrote that they had no way to know if a Facebook account was a reliable source or whether the video actually depicted Democrats in the United States. A student from the suburban Midwest correctly identified a problem with the evidence: “Although the post depicts (what we assume are) votes being shredded (something that hits home in the US, where representation is sacred), the video never proved that all of these votes were in support of a particular side, as the Facebook post suggested.”</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Of the more than 3,000 responses, only three students actually tracked down the source of the video.</strong> <strong>A student from suburban California skillfully engaged in conducting background research: “Doing some research on the internet, I found the exact same video as shown above. However, the video which I found, which was presented by BBC news, showed that the cam footage had nothing to do with the 2016 Democratic primary elections. Instead, BBC presented the cam footage as that of the Russian 2016 election. According to the announcer of BBC news, the video showed that the people in Russia—not America—were committing voter fraud.”</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><img height="500" width="800" src="/assets/courseware/v1/ba5697172c72af11246f5b8f741badc6/asset-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020+type@asset+block/d11a947b-0d0c-4312-9cdc-7f0ce154442a-Voter_Fraud.png" alt="Image from "I on Flicks" Facebook post about possible Democratic voter fraud" /></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Education moves slowly. Technology doesn’t. If we don’t act with urgency, our students’ ability to engage in civic life will be the casualty. Fortunately, research suggests that students can be taught these skills and the teaching strategies in this course are effective.</strong></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">1.3.6 Reflect</h2>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; background-color: #ffffff; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 7pt;"><strong><span color="#666666" face="Open Sans, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Assessing Students' Baseline Skills Practice Space Discussion</span></span></strong></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; background-color: #ffffff; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 7pt;"><span color="#666666" face="Open Sans, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Share your reflections on the Assessing Student's Baseline Skills practice space and debrief in your journal entry. Consider the following questions in your reflection: <br /></span></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap; color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 1em;"></span></p>
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<li><span style="white-space: pre-wrap; color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 1em;">What did you notice in the student responses? </span></li>
<li><span style="white-space: pre-wrap; color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 1em;">Were there misconceptions you’ve seen in your own students’ evaluations of internet sources?</span></li>
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