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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">2.5.1 Why Use Click Restraint?</h2>
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<p>Three questions should guide your evaluation of online sources: (1) Who’s behind the information? (2) What’s the evidence? (3) What do other sources say? While there’s a logic to presenting these three questions in sequential order, the reality is that they interplay with and build upon one another. In order to evaluate evidence, we must consider the source. In order to effectively consult multiple sources, we have to evaluate the evidence that they present. <em>And, in order to determine who’s behind information, we engage in lateral reading—seeing what other, trustworthy sources have to say about an unfamiliar website or account.</em></p>
<p>In Unit 3 we’ll dive into evaluating evidence. But right now, we’re going to take a closer look at the third question—What do other sources say?—because it helps us in determining who’s behind the information. And one of the most crucial strategies fact checkers employ when seeking to learn what other sources say is <em>click restraint</em>—resisting the urge to immediately click on the first one or two search results to scan the entire page and make a more informed choice about where to click first.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">2.5.2 Click Restraint for Better Sources</h2>
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<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-8ce3e70b-7fff-371e-efbd-3c486fc5ef22"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This video explains why fact checkers use click restraint and why engaging in click restraint leads them to higher quality sources.</span></span></p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">How to Find Better Information Online: Click Restraint</h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">2.5.3 How Search Engines Work</h2>
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<p>Researchers have established that most people quickly click on the first or second result of a search engine results page and rarely view anything below the first four or five results. That’s a problem because the most helpful search results are not always right at the top. </p>
<p><a href="https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/636/423" target="[object Object]">In a research study with college freshmen</a>, Eszter Hargittai, a professor of communication and media research at the University of Zurich, found that students interpreted the order of Google search results as an indicator of trustworthiness—if a site was higher in the search results, students assumed that it was more trustworthy and selected that site. </p>
<p>Fact checkers, though, behave differently from most internet users. In SHEG’s research, we observed that fact checkers spent more time on search results than other people, often scrolling down the entire first page of search results, and even clicking to the second or third page of results as they searched for the most promising website to click on. Click restraint helped fact checkers learn about the question or claim they researched and make a better decision about which website to visit first since search engines do not rank pages solely on their trustworthiness. It also made them more efficient searchers. Even though they took a bit more time up front, they were able to identify reliable sources without wasting time evaluating clearly unreliable sites.</p>
<p><strong>How Search Engines Work</strong></p>
<p>Search engines work by employing an algorithm that takes the content put in the search bar and produces results based on the algorithm’s set of rules and operations. </p>
<p>According to the engine’s algorithm, search results may appear based on:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. How relevant the search engine thinks a page will be to what you searched for.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">For example, this may be based on:</p>
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<li>how often the term you searched is on the site</li>
<li>user location</li>
<li>previous search history </li>
<li>language used (English, Spanish, etc.)</li>
<li>the type of device used in the search</li>
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<p> 2. The search engine’s take on reliability or quality.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">Search engine companies may recruit a team of paid analysts to rank and assess a website’s quality. Even though there are raters around the world, only a small percentage of search pages are ever rated by an actual person. Feedback from raters does not lead to pages being removed, but it may affect the position of pages in search results.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">Alternatively, the search engine may assess a site’s quality based on how many other sites link to it and the quality of those sites. </p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. Quality of the webpage’s search engine optimization. </p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">Web developers can design a site so that it will appear in more search engine results using strategies such as key words or duplicate sites that redirect you to their main site (a process called search engine optimization, or SEO). Depending on the quality of these strategies, a website may appear higher up on the search result list. </p>
<p><strong>All of this to say, the first search result is not necessarily the best one to click on. </strong></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">2.5.4 Navigating Search Engine Results Pages</h2>
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<p><strong>Reading Search Engine Results Pages</strong></p>
<p>Practicing click restraint allows you to read the search engine results pages. Reading search engine results pages gives a general sense of the information about a topic before diving into a specific website and helps you avoid visiting unreliable sites just because they appear higher up on the search results or feature a .org domain. There are three components of a search result to examine: </p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. URL</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">The URL provides clues about where the information is coming from. The name of the organization is often part of the URL, so you might be able to tell if it’s a source you recognize—like a major newspaper—or one that isn’t familiar. </p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">You might have learned in the past that you can draw conclusions about how trustworthy a site is by looking at the end of its URL—whether it is a .com, .org, .edu, etc. For example, you might have heard that .org sites are always more reliable than .com websites, or that .edu sites are always reliable because they are from U.S. colleges and universities. </p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">However, you should <em><strong>not</strong></em> draw conclusions about how trustworthy a website is based on the end of the URL. Anyone can purchase a .org domain. Just because a website is hosted on a college or university website does not mean it is automatically reliable. You should still investigate who is behind the information when you arrive on the website itself. </p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px; text-align: left;"><img height="524" width="887" src="/assets/courseware/v1/0c3645d7f92603837b7be61a6575e032/asset-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020+type@asset+block/2.5.4_cor_serp_url.png" alt="Search results for cor.stanford.edu highlighting the urls" /></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"> 2. Title</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">Next, the title will tell you the headline of an article or website and sometimes the name of the organization providing the information. </p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><img height="519" width="817" src="/assets/courseware/v1/da8112b1242adee8aef65d291668a98c/asset-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020+type@asset+block/2.5.4_cor_serp_title.png" alt="Search results for civic online reasoning highlighting the titles" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. Snippets</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">Finally, the snippet is just below the URL in the search results and provides a few lines of text that give you hints about the contents of the webpage. Scanning this might help you predict if the page is going to make a strong argument, present balanced information, or talk about something that is relevant to your research. </p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><img height="898" width="986" src="/assets/courseware/v1/c653b78c2bafce4669dfe327afb7aa26/asset-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020+type@asset+block/2.5.4_cor_serp_snippet.png" alt="Search results for civic online reasoning highlighting the snippet descriptions" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">4. Search engine result page as a whole</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">When you skim an entire search engine results page or two, a picture sometimes emerges of what kinds of websites are presenting information about the source or claim that you’ve searched. Are the genres of the results diverse? Does it appear to be a story that is rapidly developing? Is there a proliferation of hyper-partisan results? These insights can also help you determine which quality sources you may wish to click or if you’d benefit from adjusting the search terms you used.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><img height="2178" width="886" src="/assets/courseware/v1/0af68c4acbe7b889b98e73534362c3d0/asset-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020+type@asset+block/2.5.4_cor_serp_whole.png" alt="whole page of search results for civic online reasoning" /></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">2.5.5 Activity Part 1.1: Practice Click Restraint</h2>
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<p>Now that you’ve learned what click restraint is, you’ll have the opportunity to practice it. This activity is drawn from SHEG’s<a href="https://cor.stanford.edu/curriculum/lessons/practicing-click-restraint" target="[object Object]"> Practicing Click Restraint lesson.</a></p>
<p><strong>Practice Round 1 </strong></p>
<p>Imagine that a colleague states that old maps show Antarctica without an ice cap. You want to investigate whether this claim is true. </p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">2.5.6 Activity Part 1.2 Practicing Click Restraint</h2>
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<p><strong><span id="docs-internal-guid-19d5ab98-7fff-4b81-9923-b497848570d9"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Imagine this is the search engine results page for your query: </span></span></strong></p>
<p><img height="2082" width="781" src="/assets/courseware/v1/65e1d2ee7ab398f2d5ed4773072c983b/asset-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020+type@asset+block/Practicing_Click_Restraint_Antarctica_1.png" alt="search results for Antarctic map without ice" /></p>
<p>Use these questions to help guide your evaluation of each search result:</p>
<ul>
<li>What clues are there about whether this is a trustworthy source?</li>
<li>What clues are there about what kind of evidence it might provide?</li>
<li>How does this compare to the ideal source you brainstormed?</li>
</ul>
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<p><iframe title="Click Restraint Q1" src="https://mit.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_eKCQyU8WhMz7kyN?user_id=%%USER_ID%%&instance_id=cor_mooc&part_id=1" width="800" height="900" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
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<p><strong><span id="docs-internal-guid-19d5ab98-7fff-4b81-9923-b497848570d9"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now click on the webpage that you determined you would click first.</span></span></strong></p>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;" align="left">
<table style="border: none; width: 468pt; table-layout: fixed; padding-left: 90px;"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 0pt;">
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-other-artifacts/buache-map-controversial-map-shows-antarctica-without-ice-005647" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage A</span></a></p>
</td>
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84NwV9L5vxI" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage F</span></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;">
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.ancient-code.com/stunning-nasa-map-shows-antarctica-ice-free-evidence-human-occupation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage B</span></a></p>
</td>
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://youtu.be/ypFYm7-nU-k" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage G</span></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;">
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/01/02/piri-reis-map-of-1513/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage C</span></a></p>
</td>
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://youtu.be/0cjtAiDu08U" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage H</span></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;">
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage D</span></a></p>
</td>
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Antarctica" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage I</span></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;">
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://historydaily.org/ancient-map-shows-antarctica-coastline-without-ice" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage E</span></a></p>
</td>
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>Use these questions to help guide your evaluation of the website you selected:</p>
<ul>
<li>Who’s behind the website?</li>
<li>How trustworthy is this source?</li>
<li>What evidence does it provide?</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reflect:</strong> How closely do these answers match what you predicted when you analyzed <em>just</em> the search result?</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
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<p><iframe title="Click Restraint Q1" src="https://mit.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_6g8q3B7htDa40Dz?user_id=%%USER_ID%%&instance_id=cor_mooc&part_id=3" width="800" height="500" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">2.5.7 Activity Part 2.1: Practice Click Restraint</h2>
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<p><strong>Practice Round 2</strong></p>
<p>Imagine that a friend states that people who tend to run late are more likely to live longer. You want to investigate whether this claim is true. </p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
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<p><iframe title="Click Restraint Q1" src="https://mit.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_eD5fc7YFQbVxBbf?user_id=%%USER_ID%%&instance_id=cor_mooc&part_id=2" width="800" height="402" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">2.5.8 Activity Part 2.2 Practicing Click Restraint</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-graded="False" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="html" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020+type@html+block@4ed031cb043b4db0a20402a3a54e685a" data-request-token="040b7eee5ab011efb70f0affdd549e9b" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-runtime-version="1">
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<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-af437c05-7fff-3b4e-5c1d-906ca3d230f4"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Imagine this is the search results page for your query: </span></span></p>
<p><img height="1545" width="767" src="/assets/courseware/v1/51c2c01df1f1fbb7cfd3f70d98a9a61e/asset-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020+type@asset+block/Click_Restraint_Practice_Live_Late_1.png" alt="Late Live Longer Search Results" /></p>
<p>Use these questions to help guide your evaluation of each search result:</p>
<ul>
<li>What clues are there about whether this is a trustworthy source?</li>
<li>What clues are there about what kind of evidence it might provide?</li>
<li>How does this compare to the ideal source you brainstormed?</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
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<p><iframe title="Click Restraint Q1" src="https://mit.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_cGz31ZAa5V4byqp?user_id=%%USER_ID%%&instance_id=cor_mooc&part_id=2" width="800" height="1000" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
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</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020+type@html+block@3cf74c74842e4bdb864975fa0c05b124">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-graded="False" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="html" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020+type@html+block@3cf74c74842e4bdb864975fa0c05b124" data-request-token="040b7eee5ab011efb70f0affdd549e9b" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-runtime-version="1">
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<p><strong><span style="color: #313131; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now click on the webpage that you determined you would click first.</span></strong> </p>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;" align="left">
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;" align="left">
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;" align="left">
<table style="border: none; width: 468pt; table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 0pt;">
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.scarymommy.com/late-people-live-longer/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage A</span></a></p>
</td>
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/life/health-fitness/late-people-live-longer-643035" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage F</span></a></p>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;">
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.southernliving.com/news/science-says-being-late-lead-to-success-longer-life" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage B</span></a></p>
</td>
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://worldofbuzz.com/study-those-who-are-always-late-are-more-likely-to-live-longer-become-more-successful/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage G</span></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 0pt;">
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.heart.co.uk/lifestyle/late-people-likely-to-succeed/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage C</span></a></p>
</td>
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.marieclaire.com.au/being-late-happier-study" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage H</span></a></p>
</td>
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<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://thetab.com/uk/2017/04/10/people-always-late-more-successful-and-live-longer-science-37209" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage D</span></a></p>
</td>
<td style="border-width: 1pt; border-color: #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.inc.com/tom-popomaronis/according-to-science-people-who-are-late-lead-longer-more-fulfilling-lives-yes-really.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage I</span></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.68; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315125619/http://www.nikolateslafans.com/entertainment/people-who-are-always-late-are-more-successful-and-live-longer-says-science/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage E</span></a></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.usatoday.com/videos/news/health/2018/04/23/people-who-always-late-more-successful-and-live-longer/34164107/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Webpage J</span></a></p>
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<p>Use these questions to help guide your evaluation of the website:</p>
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<li>Who’s behind the website?</li>
<li>How trustworthy is this source?</li>
<li>What evidence does it provide?</li>
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<p><strong>Reflect:</strong> How closely do these answers match what you predicted when you analyzed <em>just</em> the search result?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">2.5.9 Practicing Click Restraint Debrief</h2>
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<p>This activity asked you to practice click restraint, the strategy of resisting the urge to immediately click on the first one or two search engine results. Instead, you scanned the page to make a more informed choice about where to click first after analyzing the search engine results page.</p>
<p>The sample search results you analyzed contained a mix of higher- and lower-quality results in various positions on the page. By providing a screenshot of the page rather than linking to the actual search results, you were made to first read and analyze the search engine results page before clicking anywhere. </p>
<p><img height="1428" width="536" src="/assets/courseware/v1/65e1d2ee7ab398f2d5ed4773072c983b/asset-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020+type@asset+block/Practicing_Click_Restraint_Antarctica_1.png" alt="Antarctic Search Results" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">The search results for the query about the map of Antarctica without an ice cap suggest that your coworker’s claim shows up within pseudo-archaeological corners of the internet. The first two search results come from such websites. No authoritative academic sources were visible on the page, making the Wikipedia article (the fourth search result) likely the best option. This Wikipedia article explains that mainstream scholars have denounced the claim that the map in question depicts Antarctica. The article also traces the origins of this unaccepted assertion with supporting citations.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">To recap, you made a hypothesis about the kinds of websites you would trust to provide an answer to your question, based on the search you were doing. Then you checked what actually showed up against that hypothesis. Because they were so different—random websites showed up first instead of major news stories or academic sources—there was reason to be skeptical of the claim. </p>
<p><img height="1102" width="547" src="/assets/courseware/v1/51c2c01df1f1fbb7cfd3f70d98a9a61e/asset-v1:MITx+0.504x+3T2020+type@asset+block/Click_Restraint_Practice_Live_Late_1.png" alt="Late Live Longer Search Results" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">The search results for the query about non-punctual people’s longevity also had few authoritative sources towards the top of the page. The websites of business magazine Inc. and the well-established newspaper USA Today appeared at the very bottom of the first page of search results. Yet even these sources once visited proved less authoritative than we might anticipate—the USA Today webpage presents a Southern Living video and the Inc. webpage presents an opinion piece written by a non-expert. Many of the webpages from the list of search results draw an unfounded conclusion: those who are routinely late might be more optimistic, and some medical evidence suggests that those with more optimistic outlooks earlier in life live longer. But none of the evidence presented demonstrates that tardy people have longer lives.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">To recap, you made a hypothesis about the kinds of websites you would trust to provide an answer to your question, based on the search you were doing. Then you checked what actually showed up against that hypothesis. Because they were so different—random websites showed up first instead of major news stories or academic sources—there was reason to be skeptical of the claim. </p>
<p></p>
<p><em><strong>Click restraint is not an exact science. Even if we practice click restraint, we’re not going to make perfect choices about where to click first every time. Still, if we spend just a little longer looking at search results, we can make more informed choices about where to click and keep ourselves from being misled.</strong></em></p>
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