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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Amos Winter: Connecting with Users</h2>
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<p><a href="http://meche.mit.edu/people/faculty/awinter@mit.edu" target="_blank">Amos Winter</a>, Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at MIT, <span style="font-size: 1em;">introduces us to his research group, the </span><a href="http://gear.mit.edu/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 1em;">Global Engineering and Research (GEAR) Lab</a>. He <span style="font-size: 1em;">describes their work in developing countries (0:32). He then gives his thoughts on why using the design process is like being a detective (1:43) and his approach to teaching design to students at MIT (4:20). </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 1em;">Amos engages with users by partnering with them and respecting their knowledge (1:20). When you have worked on a past project or initiative for the benefit of others, how have you partnered with or respected the knowledge of the beneficiaries?</span></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Amos Winter: Advice for Conducting an Interview</h2>
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<h3>Key Takeaways</h3>
<ul>
<li>Go in with as few preconceptions of the user and context as possible.</li>
<li>Engage with the interviewee from the perspective of "I'm designing with you" instead of "I'm designing for you."</li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Step 2: Prepare for & Conduct Interview (Discover)</h2>
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<h3 style="background-color: #2c2256; font-size: 20px; color: #2c2256; height: 35px; text-indent: 10px; padding-top: 10px; border-radius: 3px;"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Goal</span></strong></h3>
<p>Learn about an experience from your user's point of view.<strong> Duration:</strong> 20-25 minutes</p>
<h3 style="background-color: #2c2256; font-size: 20px; color: #2c2256; height: 35px; text-indent: 10px; padding-top: 10px; border-radius: 3px;"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Instructions</span></strong></h3>
<p>Begin by brainstorming lots of questions that might help you learn more about the user's motivations and problems related to the experience you’ve chosen.</p>
<p>From this large list, <strong>select 4-5 of your best open-ended interview questions.</strong> These questions will help steer your interview, but remember to <strong>be flexible and ready to adjust as the conversation progresses.</strong> If your interviewee mentions something unexpected or interesting in a response, it might be a rich path to explore.</p>
<ul>
<li>Make sure to also <strong>pay attention to facial expressions, tone of voice, and other body language</strong> as these often lead to unique insights about your user. </li>
<li>Take notes during the interview and any additional thoughts immediately afterwards. We recommend using this <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/34e41d1e896ffd3596e640965164b4e6/asset-v1:MITx+11.155x+1T2019+type@asset+block/Interview_Template.pdf" target="_blank">template</a>. Check out our <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/956a85380517628bf66c8f61f7cc2c60/asset-v1:MITx+11.155x+1T2019+type@asset+block/Interview_Template_-_Example.pdf" target="_blank">example interview</a> using the template.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: 1em;">As Amos Winter says, “You want to go [into the interview] with as few preconceptions as possible." </span>A few other tips using the morning routine option as an example: </p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/fce35ac13391aee7b40195969268e7f8/asset-v1:MITx+11.155x+1T2019+type@asset+block/Advice_Icon.png" width="45" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" style="font-size: 14px; color: #3c3c3c;" alt="Advice icon" /> <strong>Interview Tip </strong></span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333399; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example (using morning routine)</span></strong></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Avoid asking questions that reflect a personal bias so you get a genuine answer from your user.</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Avoid: “Isn’t it stressful to get ready in the morning? How could it be easier?”</span></p>
<br />
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Better: “Tell me about getting ready in the morning. How would you describe your emotions or attitude?” </span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Focus on specific moments or experiences.</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Avoid: “What do you usually eat for breakfast?”</span></p>
<br />
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Better: “What did you eat for breakfast today?”</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ask the interviewee to walk you through their experience.</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Imagine you’re preparing breakfast. Walk me through that experience.”</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Solicit stories and emotions.</span></p>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; border: solid #000000 1pt;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Can you tell me about a time when you felt really rushed to get ready for work? What was that like?” </span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dig into “pain points” the user mentions.</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“You said that it’s hard sometimes to pick out clothes and get ready in time. What part of picking out clothes is especially challenging?”</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ask “why” often and as a follow-up to questions in order to learn more.</span></p>
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<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Why do you pack your breakfast in the morning?”</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Potential response: “I don’t have time to sit down and eat.”</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Follow-up questions: “Why is eating breakfast important to you?”</span></p>
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<p><strong>Optional: </strong>Share your interview questions and your notes from the interview in the forums using the link below. Don’t post your user’s name; instead use something like the following: “Female, 18 years old, Topic: Morning routine.” Consider replying to others to foster discussion. If there is something specific you'd like to engage with others on, make it the subject of your post.</p>
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